Midterm - Pain

Question 1

2 groups of analgesics

Answer 1

opioids (narcotic analgesics)
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 2

range of analgesic use

Answer 2

84% (orthopaedic surgery) - 17% (castration)

Question 3

top 2 reasons provided for a lack of analgesics

Answer 3

1. difficulty recognizing pain
2. lack of knowledge about appropriate theory

Question 4

2 components that pain consists of

Answer 4

1. nociception, physical hurt or discomfort caused by injury or disease
2. perception/emotional suffering

Question 5

nociception

Answer 5

a detection and reflex response to damage to distinguish it from feeling pain

Question 6

what does pain do to an animal

Answer 6

changes the animals physiology and behaviour

Question 7

purpose of pain in animals

Answer 7

to reduce/avoid damage
reduce likelihood of recurrence
promot recovery

Question 8

theory of analogy

Answer 8

while all beings do not experience identical feelings, we can use the strength of the similarities to justify inferences about an individuals subjective state

Question 9

release of chemicals when tissue is damaged

Answer 9

chemicals stimulate free nerve endings that project to the spinal cord via a cell body in the dorsal root

Question 10

in bones, joints, tendons and ligaments, where is the pain originating

Answer 10

pain originates from the cortex, marrow or periosteum of a bone

Question 11

what are more sensitive, joints or bones

Answer 11

joints

Question 12

what do joint nociceptors respond to primarily

Answer 12

pressure - the blood in a joint activates pressure receptors and initiates inflammatory response

Question 13

degenerative osteoarthritis

Answer 13

typical in older animals - dairy cows, bulls and dogs

Question 14

osteochondritis dessicans

Answer 14

erosion of the cartilage in a joint and the underlying bone, loose cartilage may occupy synovial space

Question 15

what is the single greatest cause of pain in vertebrate species

Answer 15

inflammatory pain - does not necessarily need to have an external trigger

Question 16

dolor

Answer 16

pain

Question 17

calor

Answer 17

heat

Question 18

rubor

Answer 18

redness

Question 19

tumor

Answer 19

swelling

Question 20

function laesa

Answer 20

loss of canton

Question 21

why does ischaemic pain occur

Answer 21

due to a lack of blood flow from pressure on an artery

Question 22

feeling created by electric shock

Answer 22

1. direct activation of nerves near contact point - travels to brain
2. muscle contraction

Question 23

3 approaches to control pain following surgery

Answer 23

1. allow animal to recovery from anaesthesia
2. in anticipation of pain on recovery, an analgesic is given before surgery is started
3. in anticipation of pain on recovery, an analgesic is given after completion of surgery but before recovery

Question 24

what are the stressors when recognizing animal pain

Answer 24

pain and nociceptive stimuli

Question 25

what is physiological pain confounded by

Answer 25

physiological and behavioural stress response to tissue damage and handling stress

Question 26

cardiovascular response to pain

Answer 26

elevation in heart rate

Question 27

respiratory response to pain

Answer 27

elevations in respiratory rate

Question 28

endocrine response to pain

Answer 28

various changes in stress hormones

Question 29

3 main classes of behavioural changes for pain assessment

Answer 29

1. pain specific behaviours
2. declines in the frequency or magnitude of certain behaviours
3. choice or preference tests

Question 30

required qualifications to recognize and assess pain

Answer 30

1. good knowledge of species-specific behaviour
2. knowledge and comparison of individual animal’s behaviours before and after pain onset
3. use of palpitation and manipulation of the affected area and assessment of the responses
4. examination of the level of function of affected area
5. use of analgesics or dose rates that have been shown to be effective
6. knowledge of non-specific effects of an analgesic, anaesthetic or other drugs that have been administered

Question 31

good way to measure pain

Answer 31

facial expression - noxious stimuli of moderate duration

Question 32

limiting factors for pain management in farm animals

Answer 32

• limited methods of pain assessment
• availability of analgesics
• different countries
• animal type
• lack of clinical trials
• if animals product is for market use
• economic considerations

Question 33

reasoning for castration

Answer 33

reduce aggression
improve handler safety
reduce sexual behaviour
avoid unwanted pregnancy
improve meat quality