Exam - Welfare Issues and Solutions 5 Flashcards
transport stressors - air
changes in temp, humidity, air quality
transport stressors - social
mixing unfamiliar animals
transport stressors - structure
climbing and descending ramps
confinement in unfamiliar places
restricted movement
transport stressors - movement
unfamiliar movement
vibration
noise
inhalent
transport stressors - health
disrupted feeding patterns
effects of transport on animals
physiological indicators of stress
changes in behaviour
incidence of injuries
poor carcass and meat quality
components of stress and carcass quality
skin damage
bruises
in pigs - PSE and DFD
types of bruises
fight-type bruises (biting)
mounting-type bruises (fore-claws)
bruises due to aggressive handling and tight spaces
characteristics of fighting-type bruises
5-10 cm
comma shaped
found in head and shoulders
characteristics of mounting-type bruises
10-15 cm long, thin, comma shape, concentrated on back
what does PSE meat stands for
pale, soft, exudative
what causes PSE meat
rapid post-mortem drop in pH
due to short term pre-slaughter stress
what is the final pH for pSE meat
5-5.3
what does DFD meat stand for
dark, firm, dry
what causes DFD meat
slow post-mortem drop in pH
due to longer duration of pre-slaughter stress
what is the final pH for for DFD meat
> 6.1
Japanese colour standards
1=pale
6=dark
good quality meat and pH
pH drops steadily during the 24hr following slaughter
final pH of good quality meat after 24hr
5.6-6.1
what occurs less during pig transport in the winter
less lying downw
what did 18h transport of pigs increase
increased metabolism in winter (high internal temp)
increased dehydration
increased heart rate in winter
effects of “pot-belly” trailer
harder to load an unload pigs (longer to unload)
what occurs more in the winter during pig transport
slips
falls
overlaps
180º turns
vocalisations
3 trucks for pig transport
potbelly trailer
modified trailer
pezzaioli
what is a modified trailer
potbelly with added fans and drinkers
what is a pezzaioli trailer
hydraulic decks that facilitate loading and unloading
fans, drinkers and water misters
what do spent hens suffer from at the end of lay
fragile bone and are susceptible to fractures and hip dislocation
what is recommended due to poultry’s fragile bones
catching in an upright position
catch by 2 legs rather than 1
what must happen for humane slaughter
animals must be stunned before exsanguination
what must stunning induce
unconsciousness as quickly as possible
what occurs when stunning is done correctly
the animal does not feel pain and becomes instantly unconscious
2 types of captive bolt stunning
penetrative and non penetrative
penetrative captive bolt stunning
more effective with lower chance of error
what stunning method is most used with pigs and poultry
electrical stunning
issues with electrical stunning
may cause blood speckle and splash
animals must be individually restrained which causes fear and stress
potential for incorrectly stunned animals - procedure must be repeated
what is the third method of stunning
CO2
issues with CO2 stunning
pigs react aversively to high CO2
pigs lose consciousness after 33-47 seconds
indicators of pigs reacting aversively to high CO2
sniffing
retreat attempts
lateral head movements
jumping
gasping
what percentage of CO2 must be used for pigs
80-95%
