Exam - Welfare Issues and Solutions 3 Flashcards
how many hours may a pig spend lying down per day
19
how much of a day does a cow spend lying down
~1/2
how long does a horse lie down per day
~2 hours
what kind of floor should horses have in their stall
medium - reduces risk of lameness
when would a lying surface affect welfare
too hard
too wet
too soiled with manure/urine
too warm/cold
what lying surface do sows prefer following induced lameness
mat area of pen (softer)
how long did the soft preference for sows last after induced lameness
2 days
what measurements of cows in movement helped determine best walking surface
kinematics
acceleration
NRS scoring
Steps taken during passage
what was determined to be the best walking surface for cows
rubber
where is lameness in pregnant sows higher
bare solid and slatted floors
what reduce lameness risks in pregnant sows
straw and rubber mats
what can a lack of enrichment lead to
frustration, boredom, and development of abnormal behaviours
best methods of enrichment for pigs
straw
corn silage
bark chips, branches
what can straw reduce the incidence of in pigs
aggressive behaviour
tail biting
oesophago-gastric ulcer
downfall of straw with pigs
not compatible with most manure systems
examples of other enrichment for pigs
boomerball
see-saw toy
bite rite
rooting cones
porcichew
disc with chains
chain
plastic ring + wood
what do mirrors in stalls reduce
incidence of stereotypies
reduce anxiety during transport
what is the purpose of feed or milk restriction
- limit weight gain and associated reproduction problems in breeding stock
- stimulate ingestion of solid feed
consequences of feed restriction
high feeding motivation
higher water intake
higher heart rate at feeding time
development of abnormal oral behaviours
causes of oral stereotypies
relationship with feeding
gastric discomfort hypothesis
relationship with exercise levels
relationship with degree of social contact
when are oral stereotypies most frequent
after or before feeding
what can reduce oral stereotypies
high forage diets
antibiotics against lactic bacteria
what animals are four times more likely to develop sterotypies
foals receiving concentrates
what is the gastric discomfort hypothesis
high concentrate/low fibre diets increase gastrointestinal acidity
what can cause gastric lesions
fasting periods that can increase acidity
why might horses be performing stereotypies
in an attempt to produce saliva to buffer acidity
which foals perform stereotypies
those with gastric lesions and low fecal pH
what are some consequences of feed restrictions in broilers breeders
high feeding motivation
higher water intake
higher plasma corticosterone
higher heterophil : lymphocyte ratio
higher levels of abnormal behaviours, activity and aggression
benefits of qualitative restriction vs feed restriction in broiler breeders
reduces abnormal behaviours
downfalls of qualitative restriction vs feed restriction in broiler breeders
does not always reduce feeding motivation
increases feeding costs and amount of feces
how much milk per day were replacement heifers fed to stimulate solid feed intake
4-5L/day
what does milk restriction cause
chronic hunger, vocalization, reduced play
when does calves sucking motivation increase
when milk is consumed - can result in cross sucking
when do calves spend more time ingesting their milk
when milk is offered in teat buckets - also perform less cross sucking
contributions to the social environment
- disruption of parent-offspring relationship
- disruption of social order
- competition for resources
- overstocking/crowding
why is weaning a source of stress
- farm animals are typically weaned well before the age of natural weaning
- separation from mother
- change of diet
what happens to dairy calves after being separated at birth from their mother
they are fed milk replacer or whole milk before actual weaning
why separate calves at birth and feed them milk replacer
more milk for producer to sell
closer supervision of colostrum, milk and feed intake
benefits of early dam-calf contact
- possible positive affective experiences associated with maternal behaviour
- positive effect of dam rearing on social behaviour
what age are pigs weaned
3-4 weeks
what can early weaning result in in pigs
belly nosing - link with hunger level and stress
what could alleviate the stress of weaning in pigs
allowing litters to mix before weaning
