Exam - Welfare Issues and Solutions 3

Question 1

how many hours may a pig spend lying down per day

Answer 1

19

Question 2

how much of a day does a cow spend lying down

Answer 2

~1/2

Question 3

how long does a horse lie down per day

Answer 3

~2 hours

Question 4

what kind of floor should horses have in their stall

Answer 4

medium - reduces risk of lameness

Question 5

when would a lying surface affect welfare

Answer 5

too hard
too wet
too soiled with manure/urine
too warm/cold

Question 6

what lying surface do sows prefer following induced lameness

Answer 6

mat area of pen (softer)

Question 7

how long did the soft preference for sows last after induced lameness

Answer 7

2 days

Question 8

what measurements of cows in movement helped determine best walking surface

Answer 8

kinematics
acceleration
NRS scoring
Steps taken during passage

Question 9

what was determined to be the best walking surface for cows

Answer 9

rubber

Question 10

where is lameness in pregnant sows higher

Answer 10

bare solid and slatted floors

Question 11

what reduce lameness risks in pregnant sows

Answer 11

straw and rubber mats

Question 12

what can a lack of enrichment lead to

Answer 12

frustration, boredom, and development of abnormal behaviours

Question 13

best methods of enrichment for pigs

Answer 13

straw
corn silage
bark chips, branches

Question 14

what can straw reduce the incidence of in pigs

Answer 14

aggressive behaviour
tail biting
oesophago-gastric ulcer

Question 15

downfall of straw with pigs

Answer 15

not compatible with most manure systems

Question 16

examples of other enrichment for pigs

Answer 16

boomerball
see-saw toy
bite rite
rooting cones
porcichew
disc with chains
chain
plastic ring + wood

Question 17

what do mirrors in stalls reduce

Answer 17

incidence of stereotypies
reduce anxiety during transport

Question 18

what is the purpose of feed or milk restriction

Answer 18

• limit weight gain and associated reproduction problems in breeding stock
• stimulate ingestion of solid feed

Question 19

consequences of feed restriction

Answer 19

high feeding motivation
higher water intake
higher heart rate at feeding time
development of abnormal oral behaviours

Question 20

causes of oral stereotypies

Answer 20

relationship with feeding
gastric discomfort hypothesis
relationship with exercise levels
relationship with degree of social contact

Question 21

when are oral stereotypies most frequent

Answer 21

after or before feeding

Question 22

what can reduce oral stereotypies

Answer 22

high forage diets
antibiotics against lactic bacteria

Question 23

what animals are four times more likely to develop sterotypies

Answer 23

foals receiving concentrates

Question 24

what is the gastric discomfort hypothesis

Answer 24

high concentrate/low fibre diets increase gastrointestinal acidity

Question 25

what can cause gastric lesions

Answer 25

fasting periods that can increase acidity

Question 26

why might horses be performing stereotypies

Answer 26

in an attempt to produce saliva to buffer acidity

Question 27

which foals perform stereotypies

Answer 27

those with gastric lesions and low fecal pH

Question 28

what are some consequences of feed restrictions in broilers breeders

Answer 28

high feeding motivation
higher water intake
higher plasma corticosterone
higher heterophil : lymphocyte ratio
higher levels of abnormal behaviours, activity and aggression

Question 29

benefits of qualitative restriction vs feed restriction in broiler breeders

Answer 29

reduces abnormal behaviours

Question 30

downfalls of qualitative restriction vs feed restriction in broiler breeders

Answer 30

does not always reduce feeding motivation
increases feeding costs and amount of feces

Question 31

how much milk per day were replacement heifers fed to stimulate solid feed intake

Answer 31

4-5L/day

Question 32

what does milk restriction cause

Answer 32

chronic hunger, vocalization, reduced play

Question 33

when does calves sucking motivation increase

Answer 33

when milk is consumed - can result in cross sucking

Question 34

when do calves spend more time ingesting their milk

Answer 34

when milk is offered in teat buckets - also perform less cross sucking

Question 35

contributions to the social environment

Answer 35

• disruption of parent-offspring relationship
• disruption of social order
• competition for resources
• overstocking/crowding

Question 36

why is weaning a source of stress

Answer 36

• farm animals are typically weaned well before the age of natural weaning
• separation from mother
• change of diet

Question 37

what happens to dairy calves after being separated at birth from their mother

Answer 37

they are fed milk replacer or whole milk before actual weaning

Question 38

why separate calves at birth and feed them milk replacer

Answer 38

more milk for producer to sell
closer supervision of colostrum, milk and feed intake

Question 39

benefits of early dam-calf contact

Answer 39

• possible positive affective experiences associated with maternal behaviour
• positive effect of dam rearing on social behaviour

Question 40

what age are pigs weaned

Answer 40

3-4 weeks

Question 41

what can early weaning result in in pigs

Answer 41

belly nosing - link with hunger level and stress

Question 42

what could alleviate the stress of weaning in pigs

Answer 42

allowing litters to mix before weaning