Exam - Welfare Issues and Solutions 2 Flashcards
advantages of box stalls for horses
- individual feeding
- hygienic
- safe for horses
- safe for humans
- protection from elements
disadvantages of box stalls for horses
- limited social contact
- limited exercise
- limited opportunity to perform natural behaviours
for horse exercise, what is the structure for operant conditioning
food: 258 panel presses
large paddock alone: 38
small paddock with other horses: 95
2 choice test for horses result
6 out of 8 horses chose to return to stall instead of 20 min on treadmill
alternative system for horse housing
open barn with free access to outside
outdoor living with shelter
active stable
what percentage are tie stalls present in Canada
73%
what percentage are tie stalls present in USA
62%
what percentage are tie stalls present in Norway
88%
what percentage are tie stalls present in Sweden
75%
advantages of tie stalls in cows
efficient in terms of space
convenient
reduced competition
disadvantages of tie stalls in cows
limited social contact
limited exercise
limited exploration
how can welfare be improved for cows in tie stalls
periodic access to outdoors
what occurs when tie-stall cows have access to regular exercise
hock injuries are reduced
total rising time is reduced
alternative systems to tie-stall
free stall - with or without access to outside
bedded pack - with or without access to outside
what is a requirement in organic production
pasture and open air outdoor access
what does pasture provide
fresh air and sun
exercise
fresh forage
clean and comfortable lying surface
natural behaviours
how many lactating cows have access to pasture in Canada
30%
how many dry cows have access to pasture in Canada
60%
how many lactating cows are pastured in USA
5%
how many dairy cows have access to pasture in the Netherlands
70%
what does pasture promote
positive affective states
cognitive bias
depending on affective state, animals will interpret new situations differently
benefits of pasture in cows
- reduces foot problems and lameness
- reduces teat trampling, metritis, dystocia, ketosis, retained placenta
- reduces stall related injuries
do cows prefer pasture or to be inside
studies show that they consistently choose to be inside
benefits of turnout for horses
associated with a reduced risk of locomotor stereotypies like weaving/stall walking
associated with reduced oral sterotypies
cow behaviour and heat stress
- posture and activities under and outside structure
- time spent at the trough
- vaginal temperature
- milk production
how much time to cows spend in shade
40.8% of the observation time
why do pigs wallow
- thermoregulation
- skin care/ grooming
- health
- sexual behaviour
- anti-predator behaviour
- social behaviour
- resting
- play
- pleasure
what is wallow use associated with
THI in gestation but not in lactation
pest flies
house fly
horn fly
face fly
stable fly
what is a method of fly control
essential oils
what are some other effects of essential oil treatment
- less bunching
- more grazing
- less travelling
other methods of fly control in horses
fly masks and sheets
mutual fly swatting
