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ANSC 2210 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

Philosophers/Theory

1
Q

who was pythagoras

A

greek philosopher and mathematician (c.570-c.495 BC)

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2
Q

what did Pythagoras propose

A

close connections between humans and animals (kinship)

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3
Q

what was Pythagoras opposed to

A

killing and consumption of animals

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3
Q

who was Aristotle

A

greek philosopher and scientist (384-322 BC)
maintained a collection of wild animals

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4
Q

what did Aristotle believe about animals and humans

A

animals and humans share perception and emotion

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5
Q

did Pythagoras believe that humans have obligations/duties towards animals

A

yes, direct

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6
Q

what did Aristotle argue about

A

only humans have the capacity for speech and reason

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7
Q

what did Aristotle believe about animals

A

humans are superior and have absolute authority over animals

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8
Q

according to Aristotle, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

no

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9
Q

who were the 2 philosophers from classical antiquity

A

Pythagoras and Aristotle

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10
Q

who was St Thomas Aquinas

A

Italian philosopher and theologian (1224-1274)

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11
Q

what did St Thomas Aquinas do

A

gave a christian flavour to Aristotle’s writings

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12
Q

what did St Thomas Aquinas believe about animals

A

animals do not have immortal souls
people whom mistreat animals may develop a cruel habit or commit a property wrong against owner

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13
Q

according to St Thomas Aquinas, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

yes, indirect

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14
Q

what philosopher was from the middle ages

A

St Thomas Aquinas

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15
Q

who was Rene Descartes

A

French philosopher, physicist, physiologist, and mathematician (1596-1650)

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16
Q

what was Rene Descartes usually blamed for

A

introducing the concept of animals as automata/machines

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17
Q

what did Rene Descartes argue that animals were

A

that animals were devoid of language and therefore of rationality
were capable of feeling pain fear anger hope or joy
were capable of emotions without having any thoughts

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18
Q

according to Rene Descartes do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

no

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19
Q

who was the philosopher from the renaissance

A

rene descartes

20
Q

who was Thomas hobbes

A

English philosopher (1588-1679)

21
Q

what theory did Thomas Hobbes do

A

social contract theory (humans act out of self interest)

22
Q

what did Thomas Hobbes argue about animals

A

since animals have no language they can not enter into social contracts with other beings

23
Q

what did Thomas Hobbes think about animals

A

that they are not worthy of moral consideration but can matter to other humans

24
Q

according to Thomas Hobbes, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

yes, indirect

25
Q

who was John Locke

A

English philosopher and physician (1632-1704)

26
Q

what did John Locke develop

A

Hobbes’ idea of social contract theory:
- animals have very simple mental capacities

27
Q

what did John Locke believe about animals

A

that animals could suffer and that harming them was morally wrong
also worried about the effects that animal cruelty has on people

28
Q

according to John Locke, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

A

yes, indirect

29
Q

who was Immanuel Kant

A

German philosopher (1724-1804)

30
Q

what did Immanuel Kant believe

A

morality is about following absolute rules
Humans have a value in their own right

31
Q

what did Immanuel Kant introduce

A

the principle of categorical imperative

32
Q

what did Immanuel Kant emphasize

A

the difference between humans and animals - animals may be treated as a means to an end

33
Q

according to Immanuel Kant, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

yes, indirect

34
Q

who was Jeremy Bentham

A

english philosopher and social reformer (1748-1832)

35
Q

what did Jeremy Bentham argue

A

that is was the consequences of actions that mattered
good=happiness
evil = pain and suffering

36
Q

what did Jeremy Bentham argue about animals

A

if the blackness of skin does not give humans the right to exploitation, neither does the number of legs etc

37
Q

according to Jeremy Bentham, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

yes, direct

38
Q

who was John Stuart Mill

A

English philosopher that developed benthams ideas into the utilitarianism (1806-1873)

39
Q

according to John Stuart Mill, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

A

yes, direct

40
Q

who is Peter Singer

A

australian philosopher, professor of bioethics at Princeton and promotes utilitarian approach yet opposes most animal use (1946)

41
Q

according to Peter Singer, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

A

yes, direct

42
Q

who was Tom Regan

A

american philosopher, emeritus professor at North Carolina state university (1938-2017)

43
Q

what did Tom Regan argue about animals

A

animals are all subject of a life and therefore have inherent value

44
Q

according to Tom Regan, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

A

yes, direct

45
Q

what are 2 types of ethical theories

A

those based on goodness and badness (results of actions)
those based on rightness and wrongness (intrinsic properties of actions)

46
Q

within the utilitarian approach, whose suffering is considered

A

literally everyone involved i.e patient, the family, friends, medical staff, other patients

47
Q

comparison between utilitarianism and animal rights

A

utilitarian:
- animals are worthy of moral consideration
- maximize total happiness
animal rights:
- animals have inherent value
- do not use animals

ANSC 2210 (19 decks)

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