Midterm Flashcards
what are the 3 elements that welfare debates include
- science
- ethics
- law/codes of practice
science in welfare
the effects of humans on the animal from the animal’s perspecitve
ethics in welfare
the human actions towards the animal
law in welfare
result of science and ethics dictating how humans must treat animals
2 broad housing systems for laying hens
cage (conventional or enriched)
non-cage systems (single or multi-tiered)
what are furnished/enriched cages
wire enclosure with extra space and elements
what is a small group size in furnished/enriched cages
0-12 birds
what is a medium group in furnished/enriched cages
15-30 birds
what is a large group in furnished/enriched cages
approx 60 birds
3 perspectives of animal welfare
physical (basic health and functioning)
mental (affective states)
natural living (naturalness)
what does freedom to perform natural behaviour also include
emergency behaviour
damaging behaviour
emergency behaviours
flight reactions bring the animal into a state of stress without achieving the goal for which the behaviour had evolved
damaging behaviour
such as rank related or illness related aggression
physical perspective
ensure good physical health, condition and function of animals
mental perspective
minimize unpleasant affective states and allow animals normal pleasures
natural perspective
allow animals to develop and live in ways and environments that allow species-specific behaviour and behaviour that they are motivated to perform
what are the 5 freedoms
freedom from:
1. hunger and thirst
2. discomfort
3. pain, injury and disease
4. to express normal behaviour
5. fear and distress
can the 5 freedoms conflict
yes
i.e freedom from disease and fear from handling during treatment
i.e freedom to express normal behaviour conflicts with distress from normal social interactions
provisions of the 5 freedoms
- good nutrition
- good environment
- good health
- appropriate behaviour
- positive mental experiences
in terms of quality of life what does the welfare continuum acknowledge
animal care should be directed at more than survival
animals can and do have positive experiences
an overall positive experience is possible
when does sensory pleasure arise
whenever a stimulus corrects an internal trouble
what does sensory pleasure include
experiences such as satiation of hunger, thirst, and the remedying of unpleasant state
how are emotions different than moods
emotions have an object
relationship between welfare and death
death should be instantaneous
is death a welfare concern
subjective: the state of death is not a welfare concern but high rates of death in a group of animals indicates a welfare concern
what can high death rates mean
poor management/disease or another factor that leads to many animals being diseased
3 aspects of homology
structural
developmental
behavioural
when is extrapolating between species legitimate
evidence of biological homology between organisms
it is about variables that can be measured
what is anthropomorphism
imposing human attributes on animals (characteristics/feelings)
when is anthropomorphism bad
when it does not recognize species differences
it is about unmeasurable things like feelings
is it every ok in science to rely on anthropomorphism alone
no
what is human psychology founded on
folk psychology
primary function of common sense psychology
prediction of behaviour
what is folk psychology
the expertise humans have when they spend time interacting with another species
consciousness
how things feel
the 2 ordinary senses of consciousness
- when a creature is awake
- basic ability of organisms to perceive and thereby respond to selected features of their environment
access consciousness
captures the sense in which mental representations may be poised for use in rational control of action or speech
what senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied to animals
self consciousness
phenomenal consciousness
phenomenal consciousness
qualitative, subjective, experiential or phenomenological aspects of conscious experience
- “what it is like” to do or be something
sentience
phenomenal consciousness
3 psychological domains of sentience
self awareness
metacognition
theory of mind
self awareness in sentience
personal identity
simplest form is physical - self recognition
metacognition in sentience
ability to reflect on own thoughts and feelings or chance of success
subclasses within metacognition
uncertain responses
metamemory
where was uncertain response first observed
in lab rats in the 1920s
uncertain response examples
dolphins:
- trained to discriminate sounds
- trained to reset the test
- ambiguous sounds - test results
what is metamemory
knowing what they don’t know
example of metamemory
rhesus monkeys - presented with image, delay, decisions to take or skip test
more successful when choosing to take the test vs made to
theory of mind in sentience
perspective taking, modelling of others’ mental state - empathy
subclasses within theory of mind
taking the physical perspectives of others (gaze following)
cognitive perspectives (empathy)
other criteria of sentience
complex learning ability
social intelligence
tool-use
measuring feelings - pain
cephalopod brain
vertical lobe complex
not hemispheric
perception based cognition
quantity discrimination (cuttlefish)
object permanence (cuttlefish)
categorization (octopus)
leaning within cephalopod intelligence
associative learning
discrimination learning
reversal learning
spatial learning ability
social learning?
where are cephalopods recognized as sentient
UK
how many tonnes of octopus are harvested annually from the wild
20,000 tonnes (NW Africa)
what has happened to the global demand of octopus from 1980 to 2019
demand has doubled
what are fish farmed for
food
what go towards fish sentience
fish show pavlovian and operant conditioning
social learning and cultural traditions
self recognition
social intelligence
building and tool use
insects as food
1.2 trillion
human, livestock and pet food
what species of insects are used as food
bees
cricket
black soldier flies
what do insects do when injured
continue normal behaviour: feeding and sexual behaviour
do insects experience pain relief
no
how do bees experience judgement bias
being shaken = negative
given sugar = positive
