Midterm 2 - Unit 5 Lecture 4

Question 1

how does the Cerebellum produce movement or a task with relatively little error

Answer 1

Downloads motor program, comparing it to sensory information so that you can produce movement or a task with relatively little error

Receives information for programming and execution of movement through:
Efference copy (corollary discharge)
Sensory information about movements

Then it ↓
Projects back to motor areas (motor cortex or brainstem) to modulate motor output (correct for errors)

Question 2

what are the 3 regions in which the cerebellum Correct for error

Answer 2

Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

Question 3

The Cerebrocerebellum heavily involved in…..

Answer 3

Motor planning and programming the execution of movements

Question 4

Cerebrocerebellum inputs

Answer 4

Copy of the motor command (efference copy)
Contralateral motor cortex via pons

Question 5

Cerebrocerebellum Outputs

Answer 5

Lateral hemisphere to Dentate Nucleus to cerebral cortex via thalamus (contralateral)

Question 6

Spinocerebellum heavily invovled in…

Answer 6

Control of movements of distal extremities/muscles

Question 7

what does crossing allow for in the Spinocerebellum

Answer 7

sensory information that’s coming up through the Spinocerebellum pathway to be compared to the afferent information being associated with it)

Question 8

Spinocerebellum Inputs

Answer 8

Somatosensory and other sensory information

Question 9

Spinocerebellum outputs

Answer 9

Intermediate to interposed nuclei, to cortex via thalamus and red nucleus
(information coming back from the proximal muscles axial that information is going to be relayed to the Vermis) Vermis to fastigial to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation and cortex via thalamus

Question 10

Vestibulocerebellum heavily involved with

Answer 10

Equilibrium, balance, and axial muscles

Question 11

Vestibulocerebellum inputs

Answer 11

Afferent information from vestibular and visual inputs
Vestibular sensory neurons project to ipsilateral flocculonodular lobe

Question 12

Vestibulocerebellum outputs

Answer 12

Flocculonodular lobe to vestibular nuclei

Question 13

what is Motor control

Answer 13

how our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

Question 14

what is Motor Learning

Answer 14

a set of internal processes associated with feedback or practice leading to relatively permanent changes for motor skill

Question 15

Learning involves turning _____________ memory → ______________memory

Answer 15

short term, long term

Question 16

Motor Learning and Memory Can be divided into 4 parts

Answer 16

Encoding
Consolidating and long-term stability
Retrieval:

Question 17

what is Encoding

Answer 17

Incoming information enters and encoded in short term memory

Question 18

what is Consolidating and long-term stability

Answer 18

set of processes whereby a long-term memory becomes more stable with the passage of time

Acquired memories gain stability or are strengthened overtime; become resistant to interference

Question 19

what is Retrieval

Answer 19

retrieve information acquired and stored

Question 20

what are the two most basic forms of long term memory

Answer 20

nondeclarative(implicit)
declarative(explicit)

Question 21

what are the 3 branches of nondeclarative(implicit) memory

Answer 21

Nonassociative learning
Associative Learning
Procedural Learning

Question 22

what are the 2 branches of declarative(explicit)

Answer 22

Facts
Events

Question 23

what is Nonassociative learning

Answer 23

Involves habituation(Suppressed response to (same) stimulus) and sensitization(Enhanced response to (same) stimulus)

ex: If you live close to an airport you may habituate to the sounds of planes coming and going, where guest visiting may ask how you can possibly bear to live there

Question 24

what is Associative Learning

Answer 24

Classical Conditioning: Associating one stimulus with another, or pairing of two stimuli

ex:If someone puts their hand on a hot stove and hurts themselves, they may learn to associate hot stoves with pain, and have therefore been conditioned not to put their hands on them.

Operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning): Associating a specific behavior (action) with a reinforcing event (outcome)

ex:

Question 25

Procedural Learning involves two parts

Answer 25

Skill acquisition
motor adaptation

Question 26

what is Skill acquisition

Answer 26

gaining new level of performance or new capability; expanding the motor repertoire

ex: From novice to expert

Question 27

what is Motor adaptation

Answer 27

involves changes in motor performance that allow the motor system to regain its former capacities in altered circumstances

I.e.,prism adaptation

Question 28

Learning and memory are not localized in a specific brain structure. Learning can occur in all parts of the brain. True or false

Answer 28

True

Question 29

During the initial phases of motor learning which regions of the brain are active

Answer 29

M1
PMA
SMA
parietal regions
striatum (BG)
cerebellum

Question 30

why is it with further training, we see fewer active brain areas

Answer 30

Reduced activity in cerebellum
Reduced posterior parietal activity
Requires less attention to external and internal
environments
Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
Don’t have to think so much about the skill
Switch from PMA to SMA activity and striatum
Depend less upon sensory stimuli and relies more
on internal stimuli

Question 31

Different areas involved in learning novel actions vs. performing familiar actions. True or false

Answer 31

True

Question 32

what structure in the brain is involved in acquiring new sequences/skill

Answer 32

PMC

Question 33

what structure in the brain is activated more so for previously learned sequences or previously learned behaviours

Answer 33

SMA

Question 34

why does inactivating PMC – but not SMA - leads to increase errors when learning a new sequence

Answer 34

because PMC involved in acquiring new sequences/skill

Question 35

Damage to the cerebellum leads to deficits in ______________ to displacing prisms: no real learning rate (compared to controls) and no aftereffects.

Answer 35

adapting

Question 36

what is Neural Plasticity (neuroplasticity)

Answer 36

the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections after injuries,

ex: Remembering the name of somebody you met yesterday

is the ability of the brain to modify its connections or re-wire itself. Without this ability, any brain, not just the human brain, would be unable to develop from infancy through to adulthoo

Question 37

Neural Plasticity can have __________ to __________

Answer 37

short(efficiency/functional), long(structural changes)

Question 38

what happens during learning(short term) in regards to neurotransmitters

Answer 38

more neurotransmitters are released during learning
more receptors on postsynpatic learning

Question 39

what are some Plasticity: Structural changes

Answer 39

growth of new connections (either involving pre- or post-synaptic branches)

pre- or post-synaptic neurons can change there structure

Question 40

Plasticity during development (babies) largely __________

Answer 40

strcutural

Question 41

Plasticity in adults involves ________________

Answer 41

synaptic strengthening(some structural
change is possible)