Midterm 2 - Unit 5 Lecture 4 Flashcards
how does the Cerebellum produce movement or a task with relatively little error
Downloads motor program, comparing it to sensory information so that you can produce movement or a task with relatively little error
Receives information for programming and execution of movement through:
Efference copy (corollary discharge)
Sensory information about movements
Then it ↓
Projects back to motor areas (motor cortex or brainstem) to modulate motor output (correct for errors)
what are the 3 regions in which the cerebellum Correct for error
Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
The Cerebrocerebellum heavily involved in…..
Motor planning and programming the execution of movements
Cerebrocerebellum inputs
Copy of the motor command (efference copy)
Contralateral motor cortex via pons
Cerebrocerebellum Outputs
Lateral hemisphere to Dentate Nucleus to cerebral cortex via thalamus (contralateral)
Spinocerebellum heavily invovled in…
Control of movements of distal extremities/muscles
what does crossing allow for in the Spinocerebellum
sensory information that’s coming up through the Spinocerebellum pathway to be compared to the afferent information being associated with it)
Spinocerebellum Inputs
Somatosensory and other sensory information
Spinocerebellum outputs
Intermediate to interposed nuclei, to cortex via thalamus and red nucleus
(information coming back from the proximal muscles axial that information is going to be relayed to the Vermis) Vermis to fastigial to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation and cortex via thalamus
Vestibulocerebellum heavily involved with
Equilibrium, balance, and axial muscles
Vestibulocerebellum inputs
Afferent information from vestibular and visual inputs
Vestibular sensory neurons project to ipsilateral flocculonodular lobe
Vestibulocerebellum outputs
Flocculonodular lobe to vestibular nuclei
what is Motor control
how our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
what is Motor Learning
a set of internal processes associated with feedback or practice leading to relatively permanent changes for motor skill
Learning involves turning _____________ memory → ______________memory
short term, long term
Motor Learning and Memory Can be divided into 4 parts
Encoding
Consolidating and long-term stability
Retrieval:
what is Encoding
Incoming information enters and encoded in short term memory
what is Consolidating and long-term stability
set of processes whereby a long-term memory becomes more stable with the passage of time
Acquired memories gain stability or are strengthened overtime; become resistant to interference
what is Retrieval
retrieve information acquired and stored
what are the two most basic forms of long term memory
nondeclarative(implicit)
declarative(explicit)
what are the 3 branches of nondeclarative(implicit) memory
Nonassociative learning
Associative Learning
Procedural Learning
what are the 2 branches of declarative(explicit)
Facts
Events
what is Nonassociative learning
Involves habituation(Suppressed response to (same) stimulus) and sensitization(Enhanced response to (same) stimulus)
ex: If you live close to an airport you may habituate to the sounds of planes coming and going, where guest visiting may ask how you can possibly bear to live there
what is Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning: Associating one stimulus with another, or pairing of two stimuli
ex:If someone puts their hand on a hot stove and hurts themselves, they may learn to associate hot stoves with pain, and have therefore been conditioned not to put their hands on them.
Operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning): Associating a specific behavior (action) with a reinforcing event (outcome)
ex:
Procedural Learning involves two parts
Skill acquisition
motor adaptation
what is Skill acquisition
gaining new level of performance or new capability; expanding the motor repertoire
ex: From novice to expert
what is Motor adaptation
involves changes in motor performance that allow the motor system to regain its former capacities in altered circumstances
I.e.,prism adaptation
Learning and memory are not localized in a specific brain structure. Learning can occur in all parts of the brain. True or false
True
During the initial phases of motor learning which regions of the brain are active
M1
PMA
SMA
parietal regions
striatum (BG)
cerebellum
why is it with further training, we see fewer active brain areas
Reduced activity in cerebellum
Reduced posterior parietal activity
Requires less attention to external and internal
environments
Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
Don’t have to think so much about the skill
Switch from PMA to SMA activity and striatum
Depend less upon sensory stimuli and relies more
on internal stimuli
Different areas involved in learning novel actions vs. performing familiar actions. True or false
True
what structure in the brain is involved in acquiring new sequences/skill
PMC
what structure in the brain is activated more so for previously learned sequences or previously learned behaviours
SMA
why does inactivating PMC – but not SMA - leads to increase errors when learning a new sequence
because PMC involved in acquiring new sequences/skill
Damage to the cerebellum leads to deficits in ______________ to displacing prisms: no real learning rate (compared to controls) and no aftereffects.
adapting
what is Neural Plasticity (neuroplasticity)
the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections after injuries,
ex: Remembering the name of somebody you met yesterday
is the ability of the brain to modify its connections or re-wire itself. Without this ability, any brain, not just the human brain, would be unable to develop from infancy through to adulthoo
Neural Plasticity can have __________ to __________
short(efficiency/functional), long(structural changes)
what happens during learning(short term) in regards to neurotransmitters
more neurotransmitters are released during learning
more receptors on postsynpatic learning
what are some Plasticity: Structural changes
growth of new connections (either involving pre- or post-synaptic branches)
pre- or post-synaptic neurons can change there structure
Plasticity during development (babies) largely __________
strcutural
Plasticity in adults involves ________________
synaptic strengthening(some structural
change is possible)
