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HH/KINE3020 A - Skilled Performance and Motor Learning > Midterm 2 - Unit 5 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Unit 5 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we produce voluntary movement?

A

Motor plan – an abstract representation of an intended movement

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2
Q

what are the components of motor plan

A

specify a goal for the action
create the plan
initiate and execute the movement
compare executed movement with the plan on-line

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3
Q

How does the brain communicate with the motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Axons from the brain descend through the spinal cord along two major group of path-ways:

lateral and ventromedial pathways

Some originate from the cerebral cortex and others from the brain stem

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4
Q

what are the other names for Lower motor Neuron

A

“Final common pathway”
Alpha motor neuron

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5
Q

where does the Lower motor Neuron originate

A

Spinal cord and Brainstem

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6
Q

what muscles do Lower motor Neuron innervate

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Lower motor Neurons are affected by….

A

descending motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons

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8
Q

where do Upper Motor Neuron originate

A

the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord

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9
Q

where do the Upper Motor Neuron terminate

A

Spinal cord and Brainstem

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10
Q

Descending motor pathways are organized into two major groups:

A

Lateral pathways
Medial pathways

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11
Q

what do the Lateral pathways control

A

control both proximal and distal muscles and are responsible for most voluntary movements of arms and legs

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12
Q

what do Medial pathways control

A

control axial muscles and are responsible for posture, balance, and coarse control of axial and proximal muscles.

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13
Q

what is the one lateral motor pathway called

A

rubrospinal tract

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14
Q

what are the 3 medial motor system

A

vestibulospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
tectospinal tract

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15
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract contains over _____ of the ________ present in the corticospinal tract and runs the ___________________

A

90%, fibres, length off the spinal cord

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16
Q

what is the primary responsibility of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

control the voluntary movement of distal muscles on contralateral limbs.

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17
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate

A

the primary motor cortex which lies in the precentral gyrus

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18
Q

what happens when a when a stimulus is engaged in the lateral corticospinal tract

A

cell body of the lateral corticospinal tract will send an impulse through the tract that will eventually travel to the anterior horn of the spinal cord

from where it will transmit the impulse via lower motor neurons into the muscle fibers

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19
Q

what happens when a motor act is planned to move the leg

A

an impulse generated from the primary motor cortex will be conducted through the lateral corticospinal tract ipsilaterally

It passes through the posterior limb of the internal capsule

decussates(cross) at the caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation), and then continues to descend contralaterally into the spinal cord

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20
Q

what is the anterior corticospinal tract

A

is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

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21
Q

where does the anterior corticospinal tract originate

A

primary motor and premotor areas

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22
Q

where do the impulses cross in the anterior corticospinal tract

A

Remains uncrossed until spinal cord

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23
Q

what is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract

A

Bilaterally activates interneurons and motor neurons of proximal & axial muscles

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24
Q

what are the two pathways that are considered these direct connections(Cortex directly to spinal cord) with the spinal cord

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior (Ventral) Corticospinal Tract

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25
Q

where do Brainstem Pathways originate

A

Originate from Brainstem nuclei to spinal motor neurons

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26
Q

Both Medial and Lateral motor system are involved in these brainstem pathways. True or false

A

true

27
Q

where do Vestibulospinal Tracts originate from

A

Vestibular nuclei

28
Q

what are the two vestibulospinal tracts

A

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

29
Q

where does the Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract project to

A

projects ipsilaterally down to the lumbar region of the spinal cord

30
Q

function of Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

A

helps to maintain an upright and balanced posture by stimulating extensor motor neurons in the legs

31
Q

where does the Medial Vestibulospinal Tract project to

A

projects bilaterally down the spinal cord and triggers the ventral horn of the cervical spinal circuits

32
Q

function of Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Positioning of head and neck

33
Q

where does the Rubrospinal Tract originate from

A

Originates from red nucleus

34
Q

where does the Rubrospinal Tract cross the midline

A

in brainstem

35
Q

what column does the Rubrospinal Tract travel in

A

lateral column

36
Q

function of Rubrospinal Tract

A

Involved in Goal-directed limb movements,
e.g., reaching, manipulation
Influences distal muscles

37
Q

Reticulospinal Tract origin

A

reticular formation

38
Q

Reticulospinal Tract function

A

Involved in stabilizing posture

39
Q

Tectospinal Tract origin

A

superior colliculus

40
Q

Tectospinal Tract function

A

Thought to pay a role in coordination of head and eye movement

41
Q

Reticulospinal Tract travels in

A

anterior column to entire cord

42
Q

Tectospinal Tract travels to

A

travel to cervical spinal cord

43
Q

Cerebral Cortex – Motor Areas

A

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Premotor cortex (PMC)

44
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) location

A

Pre-central Gyrus

45
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Function

A

Initiation and execution of movement
Specify how actions are to be carried out

46
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Direct connection go through…

A

lateral cortical spinal and anterior cortical spinal

47
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) indirect connection go through…

A

these brain stem pathways

48
Q

Neurons in M1 fire…

A

immediately before and during voluntary movement

49
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) encodes two aspects of the movement

A

direction and force

50
Q

what is somatopically mapped

A

Motor cortices

51
Q

Major Inputs for M1

A

Premotor and Supplementary motor areas
Primary Somatosensory
Parietal (area 5)
Basal ganglia and cerebellum through thalamus

52
Q

Major Outputs for M1

A

Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Motor nuclei in brainstem and spinal cord

53
Q

what do the (Association) Motor Areas consist of

A

Premotor area/cortex (PMA)
supplementary motor area (SMA)

54
Q

Premotor area/cortex (PMA) located more

A

lateral

55
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA) located more

A

medial and superior

56
Q

(Association) Motor Areas Receive inputs from?

A

thalamus and other cortical areas

57
Q

Function of Motor Association Areas

A

PMA and SMA Involved in planning movements
Neurons fire well before the movement occurs (as soon as goal is set) and continue to fire during the movement

58
Q

Premotor cortex encodes

A

what actions are desired

59
Q

M1 encodes

A

how the actions will be carried out

60
Q

what is a major difference between Motor Association Areas and M1

A

Doesn’t code for movement force the way M1 does

61
Q

how does the Premotor Area/Cortex (PMA) receive inputs

A

Receives multisensory inputs

Externally cued to generate or activate the plan
especially visual signals, used to guide movements

Ex: when you realize the change of light from red to green on a stoplight then proceed to let go of brake and press the gas

Sequencing motor synergies using sensory cues
Involved in preparation for voluntary movements

Stimulation causes muscle contractions at multiple joints (same limb)

Affects contralateral limbs
Influenced by cerebellum via thalamus
Affects contralteral limbs

62
Q

is Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) internally or externally initiated

A

Used in internally initiated (self-motivated) movements

Same sequencing role but based more on internal than on external sensory cues, e.g. learned sequences

Associated with bimanual control
Inter-hemispheric connections between SMAs

Influenced by basal ganglia via thalamus

63
Q

mirror neurons

A

Some PMA neurons fire not only when producing an action but also when seeing someone else make a similar an action.

HH/KINE3020 A - Skilled Performance and Motor Learning (17 decks)

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