Midterm 1 - Unit 1 Lecture 1

Question 1

what is motor control

Answer 1

the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement

Question 2

what does motor control involve

Answer 2

Sensory - afference
Cortical processing
motor/action - efference
Coordination

Question 3

what is volitional movement?provide an example

Answer 3

the intended execution of an action.
reaching out to grab a cup or serving in tennis

Question 4

What does the CNS consist of

Answer 4

Brain & Spinal Cord

Question 5

What does the PNS consist of

Answer 5

peripheral nerves and ganglia

Question 6

ventral

Answer 6

front

Question 7

dorsal

Answer 7

back

Question 8

superior

Answer 8

toward the head/upper

Question 9

inferior

Answer 9

away from head/lower

Question 10

anterior

Answer 10

in front of

Question 11

posterior

Answer 11

back of

Question 12

rostral

Answer 12

Toward the front of the brain

Question 13

caudal

Answer 13

to the tail

Question 14

medial

Answer 14

toward the middle or center

Question 15

lateral

Answer 15

away from the middle of the body

Question 16

distal

Answer 16

sites located away from a specific area

Question 17

proximal

Answer 17

nearer to the center

Question 18

what are the 3 planes of human anatomy

Answer 18

horizontal, coronal, sagittal

Question 19

what are the two major cell types of the nervous system

Answer 19

neurons and glia

Question 20

Human brain contains approx how many neurons

Answer 20

100 billion

Question 21

what are the 4 basic parts of a neuron

Answer 21

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Presynaptic boutons (presynaptic terminal, axon terminal )

Question 22

what is considered the functional unit of nervous system

Answer 22

neuron

Question 23

what are the 3 types of neurons

Answer 23

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneuron

Question 24

what is the function of the sensory neuron

Answer 24

relays info from the periphery to the CNS

Question 25

what is the function of the motor neuron

Answer 25

relays info from CNS to muscle control muscle contraction

Question 26

what is the function of interneuron

Answer 26

Relays info from within the spinal cord

Question 27

where are the cell bodies located in sensory neurons

Answer 27

in the Dorsal Root ganglia, just outside the spinal column

Question 28

where are the cell bodies located in motor neurons

Answer 28

Cell bodies in spinal cord – Ventral Horn(lower motor neuron) in cortex(if talking about upper motor neuron)

Question 29

where do the inputs come from in motor neurons

Answer 29

sensory neurons and interneurons

Question 30

what is the function of interneurons

Answer 30

connect spinal motor and sensory neurons transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other Vastly outnumber sensory and motor neurons

Question 31

what are the main regions of the CNS

Answer 31

Spinal Cord Brainstem (Medulla, Pons, Midbrain) Cerebellum Thalamus Cerebral hemisphere

Question 32

what is grey matter made of

Answer 32

cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

Question 33

what are the two different areas in grey matter

Answer 33

Dorsal horns - sensory neurons Ventral Horn - motor neurons

Question 34

what is white matter made of

Answer 34

nerve fibre and tracts Axons from ascending and descending inputs

Question 35

What makes white matter white

Answer 35

myelin associated with those axons

Question 36

what are the columns within the spinal cord

Answer 36

dorsal, lateral, anterior

Question 37

Distribution of white and grey matter depends on location within the spinal cord. True or Flase

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Higher up in the spinal cord (cervical area) is there more white or grey matter

Answer 38

white matter

Question 39

why is there not as much white matter in the lower area of the spinal cord(sacral cord)

Answer 39

because all the track’s associated with the arms they don't go down to the sacral cord

Question 40

sacral cord contains a more relative amount of ______

Answer 40

grey matter

Question 41

cervical cord contains a more relative amount of ________

Answer 41

white matter

Question 42

What is the older/clinical term for alpha motor neuron

Answer 42

lower motor neuron

Question 43

where are alpha motor neurons located

Answer 43

in ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 44

what is the function of alpha motor neurons

Answer 44

innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement.

Question 45

where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the proximal muscles located

Answer 45

more medial

Question 46

where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the distal muscles located

Answer 46

more lateral

Question 47

where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the flexor muscles located

Answer 47

closer to center

Question 48

where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the axial muscles located

Answer 48

more medial than everything else

Question 49

where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the extensor muscles located

Answer 49

closer to edge

Question 50

What is the Brain stem made of

Answer 50

medulla Pons Midbrain

Question 51

what is the function of the medulla

Answer 51

control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

Question 52

what is the function of Pons

Answer 52

transferring information between the cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 53

what is the function of the midbrain

Answer 53

control of (reflexive) eye movements

Question 54

why is the cerebral cortex in a convoluted shape

Answer 54

this way, can fit many neurons in the same volume

Question 55

what are the names of the distinctive pattern of folds on the cerebral cortex

Answer 55

Gyri (gyrus) Sulci (sulcus) Fissure

Question 56

what are gryi(gyrus)

Answer 56

bumps ridges on the cerebral cortex

Question 57

what are sulci(sulcus)

Answer 57

valley between gyri

Question 58

what are fissure

Answer 58

very deep sulcus

Question 59

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 59

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Question 60

what is the occipital lobe responsible for

Answer 60

vison

Question 61

what is the parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 61

Hearing, Smell, Taste, Visual Perception, Speech

Question 62

what is the temporal lobe responsible for

Answer 62

Bodily (somatic) sensation, Spatial processing

Question 63

what is the frontal lobe

Answer 63

Movement, Planning, Reasoning

Question 64

what are association areas within the cerebral cortex

Answer 64

integrate diverse information for purposeful action and are responsible for perception, movement and motivation

Question 65

what are unimodal asociation areas

Answer 65

an association area that primarily deals with information from one sense modality.

Question 66

what are multimodal association areas

Answer 66

an association area that manages information from multiple sense modalities

Question 67

within the cerebral cortex what matter is on the outside and what matter is on the inside

Answer 67

grey matter outside white matter inside (opposite from the spinal cord)

Question 68

within the cerebral cortex what matter is on the outside and what matter is on the inside

Answer 68

grey matter outside white matter inside (opposite from the spinal cord)

Question 69

What are the two subdivisions within the PNS

Answer 69

somatic autonomic

Question 70

what is the somatic nervous system

Answer 70

allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body feeds information from four of your senses — smell, sound, taste and touch — into your brain

Question 71

what is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 71

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal