Midterm 1 - Unit 1 Lecture 1 Flashcards
what is motor control
the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement
what does motor control involve
Sensory - afference
Cortical processing
motor/action - efference
Coordination
what is volitional movement?provide an example
the intended execution of an action.
reaching out to grab a cup or serving in tennis
What does the CNS consist of
Brain & Spinal Cord
What does the PNS consist of
peripheral nerves and ganglia
ventral
front
dorsal
back
superior
toward the head/upper
inferior
away from head/lower
anterior
in front of
posterior
back of
rostral
Toward the front of the brain
caudal
to the tail
medial
toward the middle or center
lateral
away from the middle of the body
distal
sites located away from a specific area
proximal
nearer to the center
what are the 3 planes of human anatomy
horizontal, coronal, sagittal
what are the two major cell types of the nervous system
neurons and glia
Human brain contains approx how many neurons
100 billion
what are the 4 basic parts of a neuron
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Presynaptic boutons (presynaptic terminal, axon terminal )
what is considered the functional unit of nervous system
neuron
what are the 3 types of neurons
sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneuron
what is the function of the sensory neuron
relays info from the periphery to the CNS
what is the function of the motor neuron
relays info from CNS to muscle
control muscle contraction
what is the function of interneuron
Relays info from within the spinal cord
where are the cell bodies located in sensory neurons
in the Dorsal Root ganglia, just outside
the spinal column
where are the cell bodies located in motor neurons
Cell bodies in spinal cord – Ventral Horn(lower motor neuron)
in cortex(if talking about upper motor neuron)
where do the inputs come from in motor neurons
sensory neurons and interneurons
what is the function of interneurons
connect spinal motor and sensory neurons
transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other
Vastly outnumber sensory and motor neurons
what are the main regions of the CNS
Spinal Cord
Brainstem (Medulla, Pons, Midbrain)
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebral hemisphere
what is grey matter made of
cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
what are the two different areas in grey matter
Dorsal horns - sensory neurons
Ventral Horn - motor neurons
what is white matter made of
nerve fibre and tracts
Axons from ascending and descending inputs
What makes white matter white
myelin associated with those axons
what are the columns within the spinal cord
dorsal, lateral, anterior
Distribution of white and grey matter depends on location within the spinal cord. True or Flase
True
Higher up in the spinal cord (cervical area) is there more white or grey matter
white matter
why is there not as much white matter in the lower area of the spinal cord(sacral cord)
because all the track’s associated with the arms they don’t go down to the sacral cord
sacral cord contains a more relative amount of ______
grey matter
cervical cord contains a more relative amount of ________
white matter
What is the older/clinical term for alpha motor neuron
lower motor neuron
where are alpha motor neurons located
in ventral horn of spinal cord
what is the function of alpha motor neurons
innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement.
where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the proximal muscles located
more medial
where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the distal muscles located
more lateral
where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the flexor muscles located
closer to center
where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the axial muscles located
more medial than everything else
where are the alpha motor neurons associated with the extensor muscles located
closer to edge
What is the Brain stem made of
medulla
Pons
Midbrain
what is the function of the medulla
control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
what is the function of Pons
transferring information between the cerebellum and motor cortex
what is the function of the midbrain
control of (reflexive) eye movements
why is the cerebral cortex in a convoluted shape
this way, can fit many neurons in the same volume
what are the names of the distinctive pattern of folds on the cerebral cortex
Gyri (gyrus)
Sulci (sulcus)
Fissure
what are gryi(gyrus)
bumps ridges on the cerebral cortex
what are sulci(sulcus)
valley between gyri
what are fissure
very deep sulcus
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
what is the occipital lobe responsible for
vison
what is the parietal lobe responsible for
Hearing, Smell, Taste, Visual Perception, Speech
what is the temporal lobe responsible for
Bodily (somatic) sensation, Spatial processing
what is the frontal lobe
Movement, Planning, Reasoning
what are association areas within the cerebral cortex
integrate diverse information for purposeful action and are responsible for perception, movement and motivation
what are unimodal asociation areas
an association area that primarily deals with information from one sense modality.
what are multimodal association areas
an association area that manages information from multiple sense modalities
within the cerebral cortex what matter is on the outside and what matter is on the inside
grey matter outside
white matter inside
(opposite from the spinal cord)
within the cerebral cortex what matter is on the outside and what matter is on the inside
grey matter outside
white matter inside
(opposite from the spinal cord)
What are the two subdivisions within the PNS
somatic
autonomic
what is the somatic nervous system
allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body
feeds information from four of your senses — smell, sound, taste and touch — into your brain
what is the autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
