midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The blood is composed of \_\_\_\_\_ erythrocytes and \_\_\_\_leukocytes and platelets. A. 45%; 55% B. 55%; 45% C. 45%; 1% D. 55%; 1%
A
C. 45%; 1%
2
Q
What is serum? A. the sum of all plasma proteins involved in clotting B. plasma without fibrinogen C. plasma without albumin D. plasma without erythrocytes
A
B. plasma without fibrinogen
3
Q
The colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of blood is due primarily to \_\_\_\_\_\_ . A. fibrin B. albumin C. sodium D. erythrocytes E. hydrogen bonding
A
B. albumin
4
Q
The function of red blood cells is to: A. carry oxygen B. carry carbon dioxide C. defend the body against infectious organisms D. carry nutrients to the tissues E. All of the above
A
A. carry oxygen
5
Q
The \_\_\_ is especially involved in breaking up old erythrocytes and disposing of the cellular remains. A. kidney B. bone marrow C. lung D. heart E. spleen
A
E. spleen
6
Q
An individual has type A, Rh positive blood. The individual has \_\_\_\_\_ antigen(s) and \_\_\_\_\_ antibodies. A. A and Rh; anti-B B. B and Rh; anti-A C. B; anti-A and anti-Rh D. A; anti-B E. Rh; anti-A and anti-B
A
A. A and Rh; anti-B
7
Q
8. Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets? A. secrete clotting factors B. secrete vasoconstrictors C. secrete growth factors D. carry nutrients
A
D. carry nutrients
8
Q
9. The left ventricle pumps blood to the: A. lungs B. right ventricle C. pulmonary circuit D. systemic circuit E. pulmonary trunk
A
D. systemic circuit
9
Q
- The coronary arteries receive blood from the ____________, and the
coronary sinus empties blood into the __________.
A. pulmonary artery; right atrium
B. superior vena cava; left atrium
C. aorta; right atrium
D. inferior vena cava; left atrium
E. pulmonary vein; right atrium
A
C. aorta; right atrium
10
Q
Which of the following is NOT a reason that the heart is more resistant to
fatigue than skeletal muscle?
A. the heart uses only glucose as an energy source
B. the heart stores oxygen in myoglobin
C. the heart has more mitochondria
D. the heart stores glycogen
A
A. the heart uses only glucose as an energy source
11
Q
what is responsible for the least steep part of the curve below 40 mV? A. slow Na+inflow B. slow Ca2+inflow C. K+outflow D. Ca2+outflow
A
A. slow Na+inflow
12
Q
13. The volume of blood coming from the left ventricle in one heartbeat is called the: A. ejection fraction. B. preload. C. afterload. D. stroke volume. E. cardiac output.
A
D. stroke volume.
13
Q
14. At the end of ventricular contraction, the amount of blood remaining in the ventricle is the: A. end-diastolic volume. B. end-systolic volume. C. stroke volume. D. residual volume. E. ejection fraction.
A
B. end-systolic volume.
14
Q
15. The cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centres that modify heart rate are located in the: A. SA node. B. AV node. C. carotid sinuses. D. aortic arch. E. medulla.
A
E. medulla.
15
Q
- In which of the following situations would cardiac output increase?
A. decreased output from the sympathetic nervous system
B. increased afterload.
C. decreased venous return
D. decreased contractility
E. decreased peripheral resistance
A
E. decreased peripheral resistance
16
Q
17. The outer wall of an artery is called the \_\_\_\_\_ and in large arteries contains the \_\_\_\_\_. A. tunica media; smooth muscle B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum C. tunica externa; valves D. tunica intima; endothelium E. tunica intima; basement membrane
A
B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum
17
Q
- The common route for blood flow is heart → arteries → arterioles →
capillaries → venules → veins → heart. There are exceptions to this,
notable portal systems and anastomoses. In a portal system blood flows
from one _____________ to another, while in the anastomoses blood
flows from one ____________ to another.
A. capillary bed; artery or vein
B. artery or vein; capillary bed
C. artery; vein
D. vein; artery
E. vein; capillary bed
A
A. capillary bed; artery or vein
18
Q
- In the arterial blood pressure reading, for example in a young adult, the
ratio is written 120/75. The 120 reading is expressed in units of
____________ units and refers to ___________.
A. inches of water; peak arterial pressure during systole
B. millimeters of mercury; arterial pressure during diastole
C. milliliters of water; arterial pressure during systole
D. millimeters of mercury; arterial pressure during systole
E. pounds of pressure; lowest arterial pressure during systole.
A
D. millimeters of mercury; arterial pressure during systole
19
Q
- You have been exercising strenuously and your heart rate has increased.
This increase occurs due to signals from the baroreceptors that stimulate
the ______________ center and activate neurons of the _____________.
A. cardioinhibitory; sympathetic nervous system
B. vasomotor; sympathetic nervous system
C. cardioacceleratory; sympathetic nervous system
D. cardioacceleratory; parasympathetic nervous system
E. vasomotor; parasympthatetic
A
C. cardioacceleratory; sympathetic nervous system
20
Q
21. Which one of the following hormones acts to reduce blood pressure? A. angiotensin II B. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. aldosterone D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. renin
A
B. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
21
Q
- The following measurements were collected at the arterial end of a
capillary bed:
Interstitial (tissue) hydrostatic pressure: 2 mmHg in
Blood hydrostatic pressure 32 mmHg out
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure 6 mmHg out
Blood colloid osmotic pressure 26 mmHg in
What is the sum of pressures and in what direction will fluid move?
A. 2 mmHg; into the capillary
B. 2 mmHg; out of the capillary
C. 14 mmHg; into the capillary
D. 10 mmHg; out of the capillary
E. 10 mmHg; into the capillary
A
D. 10 mmHg; out of the capillary
22
Q
- Anaphylactic shock can be caused by a hypersensitive allergic reaction to
such things as a bee sting or to penicillin. These individuals have massive
release of histamine, which causes ____ of blood vessels and _____ in
arterial blood pressure.
A. vasodilation; a decrease
B. vasodilation; an increase
C. vasoconstriction; a decrease
D. vasoconstriction; an increase
E. vasoconstriction; no change
A
C. vasoconstriction; a decrease
23
Q
24. Which blood vessel supplies the pelvic region and lower extremity? A. the external iliac vein B. the external iliac artery C. the common iliac vein D. the common iliac artery
A
D. the common iliac artery
24
Q
25. From which vessel is blood drawn for routine analysis? A. the brachial artery B. the brachial vein C. the median cubital artery D. the median cubital vein
A
D. the median cubital vein
25
Q
27. The body’s nonspecific defenses include all of the following EXCEPT: A. vaccination B. fever C. lysozyme D. stomach acid E. inflammation
A
A. vaccination
26
Q
- Lymphocytes called ______________ recognize and destroy precancerous
cells in a nonspecific fashion, without requiring prior exposure to antigens.
A. plasma cells
B. natural killer cells
C. macrophages
D. Helper T cells
E. B cells
A
B. natural killer cells
27
Q
- Which of these following is required to trigger a fever?
A. release of histamine by basophils
B. release of pyrogens by leukocytes
C. release of interferon by infected host cells
D. release of antibodies by plasma cells
A
B. release of pyrogens by leukocytes
28
Q
- Antibodies can pass across the placenta to the fetus causing ____
immunity.
A. artificial active
B. artificial passive
C. natural active
D. natural passive
E. life-long
A
D. natural passive
29
Q
31. Which leukocyte can directly and specifically attack infected cells using perforins? A. cytotoxic T cells. B. helper T cells. C. B lymphocytes. D. mast cells. E. neutrophils
A
A. cytotoxic T cells.
30
Q
32. In order for a helper T cell to recognize an antigen, the antigen must be bound to: A. a hapten. B. an immunoglobulin. C. a natural killer cell. D. an MHC-1. E. an MHC-II.
A
E. an MHC-II.
31
Q
33. Antibodies are secreted by a: A. stem cell. B. plasma cell. C. cytotoxic T cell D. helper T cell. E. macrophage.
A
B. plasma cell
32
Q
- Which of the following correctly traces the route of air flow in the
respiratory tract?
A. larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchioles → bronchi
B. pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchiole
C. larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles
D. larynx → pharynx → bronchi → trachea → bronchioles
E. pharynx → trachea → larynx → bronchi → bronchioles
A
B. pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchiole
33
Q
35. Name the circular structure in the center of the vocal cords that opens. A. vocal cords B. vestibular folds C. thyroid cartilage D. arytenoids cartilages E. larynx
A
D. arytenoids cartilages
34
Q
- The bronchioles have walls with _____ that are dilated by stimulation of
the ____ nervous system during exercise.
A. C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; parasympathetic
B. C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; sympathetic
C. smooth muscle; sympathetic
D. smooth muscle; parasympathetic
E. skeletal muscle; somatic
A
C. smooth muscle; sympathetic
35
Q
- In order to inhale, the respiratory muscles _____________ in order to
__________ the volume of the thoracic cavity.
A. relax; increase
B. contract; increase
C. relax; decrease
D. contract; decrease
A
B. contract; increase
36
Q
38. Which of the following is the most important regulator of the rate of respiration? A. PO2 of the air B. PO2 of the blood C. PCO2 of the blood D. systolic blood pressure E. osmolarity of the blood
A
C. PCO2 of the blood
37
Q
39. Which of the following would decrease resistance to airflow? A. very cold air B. irritants in the air C. emphysema D. exercise
A
D. exercise
38
Q
- The difference between the amount of air you normally inhale with each
breath and the amount you can inhale with maximum effort is the:
A. inspiratory reserve volume.
B. maximum inspiratory volume.
C. inspiratory capacity.
D. residual volume.
E. maximum breathing capacity.
A
A. inspiratory reserve volume.
39
Q
- In which of the following situations is LESS oxygen unloaded at the
tissues?
A. partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is increased
B. H+ is increased
C. temperature is increased
D. CO2 is increased
E. pH is decreased
A
A. partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is increased
40
Q
- Most CO2 is transported in the blood
A. bound to the Fe (iron) of hemoglobin.
B. as dissolved gas bubbles.
C. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma
D. bound to the globin of hemoglobin.
E. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the erythrocyte
A
C. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma
41
Q
43. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the: A. glomerular capillaries. B. collecting duct. C. renal corpuscle. D. proximal convoluted tubule. E. distal convoluted tubule.
A
D. proximal convoluted tubule.
42
Q
44. Adults produce about \_\_\_\_\_ L/day of glomerular filtrate and excrete about \_\_\_\_ L/day of urine. A. 0.15 to 0.18; 0.1 to 0.2 B. 1.5 to 1.8; 0.1 to 0.2 C. 15 to 18; 1 to 2 D. 150 to 180; 1 to 2 E. 1,500 to 1,800; 10 to 2043.
A
D. 150 to 180; 1 to 2
43
Q
- Blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high compared to other
capillaries because the diameter of the ___ is greater than that of the ___.
A. efferent arteriole; peritubular capillaries
B. descending limb; ascending limb
C. afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
D. interlobular artery; interlobular vein
E. proximal tubule; distal tubule
A
C. afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
44
Q
- Which of the following terms describes the specific situation when
afferent arterioles contract in response to the stretch of the blood vessel
when blood pressure increases?
A. tubuloglomerular feedback
B. myogenic mechanism
C. rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone-aldosterone mechanism
D. justaglomerular contraction
A
B. myogenic mechanism
45
Q
- The kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to:
A. stimulate the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol.
B. detoxify free radicals and drugs by activating peroxisomes.
C. stimulate the formation of angiotensin, which ultimately increases blood pressure.
D. act directly on the afferent arteriole to cause it to relax
A
C. stimulate the formation of angiotensin, which ultimately increases blood pressure.
46
Q
- What is the effect of ADH on the kidneys?
A. Increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct
B. Stimulates release of renin.
C. Cause vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
D. Cause increased calcium reabsorption in the PCT
E. Cause the bladder to store more urine
A
A. Increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct
47
Q
49. Which of the following is NOT a normal component of the urine? A. urea B. glucose C. sodium D. chloride E. phosphate
A
B. glucose
48
Q
50. The detrusor muscle: A. contracts to void the urine B. relaxes to void the urine C. is the internal urinary sphincter D. is the external urinary sphincter E. controls the opening between the kidneys and the ureter
A
A. contracts to void the urine
