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Biology > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The arteries that supply the myocardium of the heart, all the smaller vessels and capillary beds, and the veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart is the __________ circulation.

A

Coronary

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2
Q

The technical term for heart attack is?

A

Myocardial infarction

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3
Q

Myocardial infractions occur when?

A

When blood supply to the heart muscle is interrupted.

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4
Q

The right coronary artery (at base of aorta) travels around the heart in the __________.

A

Coronary sulcus

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5
Q

Which artery gives off small branches that supply the right ventricle and atrium?

A

Right coronary artery

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6
Q

Which branch from the right coronary artery travels down toward the apex of the heart?

A

Right marginal artery

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7
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

supplies primarily the right atrium and ventricle.

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8
Q

What branch from the right coronary artery runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

Posterior interventricular artery.

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9
Q

Where does the left coronary artery leave the aorta?

A

where the pulmonary trunk crosses over

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10
Q

The left coronary artery splits in just cms away from the aorta into which 2 arteries?

A

the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery.

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11
Q

What is the main branch of the circumflex artery?

A

the left marginal artery that travels down the lateral aspect of the heart.

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12
Q

Blood flows from arteries to what?

A

smaller and smaller arteries and finally capillaries.

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13
Q

What happens in capillaries?

A

exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes.

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14
Q

deoxygenated blood need to return to?

A

the venous circulation

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15
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein travel?

A

in anterior interventricular sulcus, arcs around left side of heart and empties into coronary sinus.

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16
Q

_______ is found on the posterior wall of the right atrium.

A

Coronary sinus

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17
Q

the great cardiac vein and __________ vein empty into the Coronary sinus, as does all other venous blood.

A

Posterior interventricular vein

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18
Q

Where does the Coronary sinus empty?

A

Right atrium

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19
Q

What is the exterior of the heart called?

A

epicardium or visceral pericardium

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20
Q

Where do u find fat on the heart?

A

in the groove of the heart.

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21
Q

What does the fat do?

A

holds the major vessels of the coronary circulation in place.

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22
Q

In the part of epicardium which very thin serous membrane, what gets secreted and into what?

A

serous fluid is secreted into pericardial cavity.

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23
Q

What looks like ear-like appendages attached to each atrium?

A

auricles

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24
Q

What are sulci?

A

grooves of the heart

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25
Q

What is located in the coronary sulcus?

A

right coronary artey

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26
Q

What is located in the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein.

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27
Q

What is located in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

posterior interventricular artery and posterior interventricular vein.

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28
Q

What artery runs through the coronary sulcus under the left auricle?

A

left coronary artery

29
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

a depressed scar on the interventricular septum.

30
Q

What does the fossa ovalis do?

A

allows blood to move from the right and left atrium, bypassing the pulmonary circuit.

31
Q

What is the ‘loose’ band of muscle tissue running from lower ventricle across the opening to the interventricular septum?

A

moderator band or Septomarginal Trabecular

32
Q

What does the Septomarginal Trabecular contain?

A

the right branch of the AV bundle: a collection of electrical fibers.

33
Q

What is the function of the Septomarginal Trabecular?

A

Provides a shortcut in the wiring so that all of the lower part of the ventricular myocardium cant contract in unison.

34
Q

Formed elements of the blood include:

A

erythroctyes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets.

35
Q

What is RBC count called?

A

Hematocrit

36
Q

What does RBC count measure?

A

measures O2 carrying capacity of the blood

37
Q

What does WBC count measure?

A

The percentage of each type of leukocyte in the blood sample.

38
Q

What does it mean if one type of leukocyte is unusually high?

A

indicates a particular type of infection.

39
Q

What are the different types of leukoctyes?

A

neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

40
Q

How do the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes cover the heart?

A

visceral pericardial= serous membrane that covers surface of heart.
parietal pericardial= a 2 layered sac surrounding the heart.

41
Q

What lays between the visceral and parietal membranes?

A

the pericardial cavity.

42
Q

Why is left ventricle wall thicker then the right?

A

L vent pumps blood to entire body while r vent pumps only to the lungs.

43
Q

What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

right cuspid valve.

44
Q

what does the right cuspid valve.do?

A

regulates the opening between atria and ventricles.

45
Q

What is the function of the tendinous cords attached to the atrioventricular valves?

A

helps regulate prolapse

prevent them from flipping inside out.

46
Q

The blood vessel that leaves the right vent in the _______. it divides into 2 ___________.

A

pulmonary trunk,

pulmonary atreries

47
Q

The valve at the proximal portion of the vessel leaving the tight vent is the _____ valve.

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve.

48
Q

What does the Pulmonary semilunar valve do?

A

prevents back flow from pulmonary trunk to right vent suring diastole

49
Q

Does the Pulmonary semilunar valve. have tendinous cords?

A

no

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and what type of tissue are they made of?

A
  • Epicardium=simple squamous epithelium, areolar tissue, adipose tissue.
  • Endocardium=simple squamous epithelium, areolar tissue
  • Myocardium=cardiac muscle
51
Q

Which 3 vessels sdoes blood flow through to get from the aorta to lateral aspect of left vent?

A

Left coronary artery (LCA) —> Circumflex branch —> left marginal branch

52
Q

What structure collects venous blood from coronary circulation?

A

coronary sinus.

53
Q

What are the 3 distinctive features of intercalated discs?

A
  • interdigitating folds
  • mechanical junctions
  • electrical junctions
54
Q

What is the function of interdigitating folds?

A

folds interlock with eachother to increase surface area of intercellular contact.

55
Q

What is the function of mechanical junctions?

A
  • fascia adherens- links cells together

- desmosome enables myocytes to pull on each other.

56
Q

What is the function of electrical junctions?

A

form channels that allow ions to flow from cytoplasm of one cell directly into the next.

57
Q

What are the 3 major functions of blood?

A

transportation, protection, regulation

58
Q

For every leukocyte, how many erythrocytes and platelets are there?

A

E=100,000

P= 2.5

59
Q

What are the 3 types of protein in blood plasma?

A 
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin-alpha- ceruloplasmin
             -beta- transferrin
             - gamma- antibodies
60
Q

What are the 4 major types of molecules in plasma and an example?

A
  1. protein- albumin
  2. nitrogenous waste- urea
  3. nutrients- glucose
  4. electrolytes- Na+
61
Q

What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

A
  • When mom(Rh-) is prego with Rh+ fetus, she is exposed to D(Rh) antigens during birthing.
  • Her IS produces anti-D antibodies
  • If prego again with Rh+ baby, her anti-D antibodies agglutinate with fetuses blood, causing HDN baby.
62
Q

What 3 leukocytes are called granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

63
Q

What 2 leukocytes are called agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

64
Q

What are the functions and % of WBCs of neutrophils?

A
  • phagocytize bacteria and release antimicrobial chemicals.

- 60%-70%

65
Q

What are the functions and % of WBCs of eosinophils?

A
  • phagocytize antigens- allergens and inflammatory chemicals
  • release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such a worms
  • 2-4%
66
Q

What are the functions and % of WBCs of basophils?

A
  • secrete histamine, which increases blood flow to a tissue
  • secrete heparin, which promotes mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting.
  • <0.5%
67
Q

What are the functions and % of WBCs of lymphocytes?

A
  • secrete antibodies
  • serve in immune memory
  • 25-33%
68
Q

What are the functions and % of WBCs of monocytes?

A
  • differentiate into macrophages

- phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells

Biology (16 decks)

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