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Biology > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes electrical currents to be generated?

A

impulses travelling through heart

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2
Q

Where do electrical current go?

A

into tissues around heart and some reach surface of the body.

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3
Q

How can u detect and record electrical currents?

What is a recording called?

A

a machine called an Electrocardiograph.

-recording called an electrocardiogram (ECG)

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4
Q

How do you determine the length of 1 heartbeat?

A

measuring time from one peak of QRS complex to another.

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5
Q

What does the cardiac cycle include?

A

1 complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of all chambers of the heart.

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6
Q

When both atria contract and then relax, what follows?

A

the contraction and then relaxation of both ventricles.

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7
Q

What does the cardiac cycles start with?

A

Ventricular filling phase- semilunar valves are closed and AV valves are open, allowing blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.

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8
Q

What happens when the ventricles start to contract?

A

AV valves close and the 1 heart sound (S1) is heard.

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9
Q

What is the phase where pressure builds in the ventricles until the pressure in the ventricles meets the pressure in the vessels leaving the heart?

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

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10
Q

Which valves are open during the isovolumetric contraction phase?

A

none, all valves are closed and no blood leaves ventricles.

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11
Q

As pressure builds, _________ valves open and blood leaves the heart in the ________ and ____. this is called the ventricular ejection phase.

A

Semilunar;
pulmonary trunk;
aorta

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12
Q

What phase occurs when the ventricles relax causing blood to start moving backwards, down pressure gradient, forcing semilunar valves shut?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

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13
Q

Which valves are closed during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

A

all and no blood enters or leaves the ventricles.

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14
Q

S1 and S2 occur at the closure of what valves?

A 
S1= both AV valves
S2= both semilunar valves
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15
Q

When can a ‘splitting’ of either S1 or S2 be heard as the 2 valves closing separately?

A

in some healthy hearts and some disease conditions

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16
Q

Deep inspiration _____ pressure in thoracic cavity and _______ venous return into heart (atrial suction).

A

decreases, increases.

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17
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

-2nd intercostal space, right of the sternum at the level of the sturnal angle

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18
Q

Where is the Pulmonary valve located?

A

2nd intercostal sapce or left of the sternum at the level of the sturnal angle

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19
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

4th or 5th intercostal space

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20
Q

Where is the Mitral valve located?

A

4th or 5th intercostal space or just under left nipple

21
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

valve prolapse and regurgitation

22
Q

The amount of blood that may be pumped by the heart in one min is called?

A

cardiac output (CO)

23
Q

what is the average CO?

A

5 L/min but can increase to up to 25 L/min with strenuous exercise.

24
Q

CO is directly related to?

A

Stroke volume (SV) and Hear rate (HR)

25
Q

When a person exercises, signals from proprioceptors travel to the cardiac acceleratory center which signals the heart what?

A

signals the heart that the muscles are active and will need more oxygen

26
Q

The cardiac acceleratory center exerts a positive chronotropic effect on the heart to increase ________.

A

HR

27
Q

Effectors that connect the cardiac acceleratory center with the heart include?

A

sympathetic nerves, and SA and AV nodes.

28
Q

With exercise, stroke volume ____.

A

increases

29
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood that leaves the ventricle with each beat.

30
Q

When is more blood returned to the heart then usual?

A

during exercise. (increasing SV)

31
Q

The sympathetic nervous system signals the myocardium to contract ___ ________.

A

more strongly (increasing SV)

32
Q

What is the major difference between action potential in a cardiac muscle cell (cardiosyte) compared to a skeletal muscle cell?

A
  • Ca channals hold excitation at peak for prolonged time.

- allows for heart contraction to last longer

33
Q

When the P wave occurs, the SA node fires causing the atria to _____.

A

depolarize

34
Q

During the QRS complex on the ECG, signals travel down the AV bundle, bundle branches, to the ____________. ventricles __________. now ventricles contract.

A

purkinje fibers (apex), depolarize.

35
Q

During the t wave, the ventricles _______.

A

repolarize.

36
Q

The cardiac cycle ends with the ventricles in _________.

A

relaxation.

37
Q

What structure electrical conduction system sets the heart rate? what would the resting heart rate be if this was the only regulator of heart rate?

A

the structure is SA nodes

if this was the only regulator, resting HR would rest at 100 bpm.

38
Q

What division of the autonomic system plays a role in setting the Resting HR?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system.

39
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system acts to increase the heart rate during exercise?

A

sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system acts on the cardiac muscle to increase the strength of contraction during exercise?

A

sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

What receptor is used when the stimuli is the increase of CO2 in the blood? Where is it located? does HR go up or down?

A

chemoreceptors
location: carotid arteries and aortic bodies
HR- increases

42
Q

What receptor is used when the stimuli is the increase of blood pressure? Where is it located? does HR go up or down?

A

Baroreceptors
location: carotid arteries and aortic arch
HR-Decreases

43
Q

What receptor is used when the stimuli is exercise (muscle contractions)? Where is it located? does HR go up or down?

A

Proprioceptors
location: muscles and joints
HR-increases

44
Q

What 2 control centers regulate HR?

A

cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center. both located in medulla

45
Q

What are the effectors that actually change the heart?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

46
Q

How can a stressful thought can lead to an increase in HR even when your sitting quietly?

A

activates cardiac center

47
Q

What are the average resting values of the equation to determine resting cardiac output?

A

SV(70mL/beat) x HR(75beats/min)=resting CO(5250mL/min)

48
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect Stoke Volume?

A
  1. Preload= amount of tension in ventricles before contraction
  2. Contractility= the force of contraction for a given preload.
  3. afterload= the blood pressure in arteries just outside the semilunar valves.
49
Q

What is the difference in HR for a ranking of ‘poor’ vs. ‘excellent’?

A

excellent result would be due to lower overall HR meaning your body can meet your bodies need without working to hard.

Biology (16 decks)

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