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A&P REVIEW > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

atomic number vs atomic mass

A

atomic number: # of protons in nucleus

mass number: # of protons + neutrons

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2
Q

anion vs cation

A

anion: - charge, gained/ stolen electrons

cation: + charge, give up electrons

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3
Q

isotope

A

same P different N

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4
Q

ions with opposite charges (+ & -) are attracted to each other like a magnet

A

ionic compound

covalent: bonds form when 2 or more atoms share electrons, rather than stealing/ giving up

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5
Q

stores genetic info

A

nucelus

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6
Q

organelle where proteins secreted/absorbed

A

endoplasmic reticulum

rough: ribosomes
smooth: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis

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7
Q

organelle that sorts, packages, transports proteins

A

golgi complex

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8
Q

organelle that generates most ATP through AEROBIC respiration

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis (somatic cell division): tissue growth & repair – produces 2 identical daughter cells, 46 chromosomes = diploid

meiosis (reproductive cell division): produces 4 cells, not identical – 23 chromosomes = haploid

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10
Q

step 1 (protein synthesis) DNA → RNA, in nucleus

A

transcription

translation: step 2, in cytoplasm, makes proteins – RNA → protein @ ribosomes, translates copy back into strand of DNA

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11
Q

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities & ducts, forms gland – attached to basement membrane, avascular, mitosis occurs frequently, gets damaged frequently

A

epithelial tissue

CT: has blood supply, protects & supports organs, stores energy, helps immune system

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12
Q

simple vs stratified

A

simple: one layer

stratified: multiple layers

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13
Q

what type of epithelial cell is found around alveoli of lungs & blood vessels?

A

simple squamous

(flat, thin, tile shape) - found in areas where things can diffuse easily (CO2 & O2)

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14
Q

secretions & glands, sweat glands, kidney tubules

A

cuboidal

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15
Q

absorption, intestines

A

columnar (tall)

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16
Q

cilia vs microvilli

A

cilia: movement (bronchioles moving debris through respiratory system

microvilli: absorption, increase surface area

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17
Q

what 2 things make up connective tissue?

A

cells & ECM

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18
Q

secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

A

endocrine

exocrine: secretes hormones into ducts

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19
Q

release their contents by pinching off a portion of the cell (partial damage to cell)

A

aprocrine glands

merocrine: release contents into cell into vesicles (no damage to cell) & then out

holocrine: release contents when cell dies – whole cell bursts & contents go into extracellular space

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20
Q

cartilage primarily in epiglottis, outside of ear

A

elastic

hylaine: everywhere else, ends of bones in joints
fibrous: IVDs, meniscus – supports mm, tendons, ligaments

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21
Q

exocrine glands

A

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
-2 types: Eccrine & Apocrine
-Mammary glands: specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete milk
Ceruminous (Wax) Glands

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22
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90%, produce keratin, water sealant & protector

Melanocytes - produce melanin, absorb UV
Langerhans (macrophages) - immune response for microbes
Merkel (Tact Epithelial) - contact sensory nerve for touch sensations

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23
Q

ABCDE’s

A

A – asymmetry
B – border
C – colour
D – diameter
E – evolving

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24
Q

strongest, found beneath periosteum of all bones & diaphysis of long bones, provides protection & support, osteons, lamellae, Sharpey’s fibers

A

compact bone

spongy: (trabecular/ cancellous) in interior of bone, filled with red & yellow bone marrow – no osteons

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25
tough outer layer covering entire bone except where it articulates, many osteoblasts & attached to underlying bone tissue by Sharpey’s fibers – 2 layers: outer fibrous & inner osteogenic
periosteum medullary cavity – hollow cylindrical space in diaphysis, contains fatty yellow bone marrow & blood vessels endosteum – thin membrane, lines medullary cavity
26
mesenchymal tissue initially produces spongy bone that eventually is remodelled into compact bone – FLAT bones
intramembranous ossification endochondral: mesenchymal tissue produces cartilage that is replaced by bone – create cartilage & replace with bone in LONG bones
27
4 distinct bone cells
Osteoprogenitor cells (Osteogenic or stem cell): cell division, produce osteoblasts Osteoblasts: bone building Osteocytes: mature bone cells Osteoclasts: bone carving
28
if blood calcium level low = _____ is released, activates osteoclasts to break down bone, so more calcium gets put into blood
PTH increases blood calcium (stimulates osteoclasts)
29
if blood calcium levels high = _____ inhibits osteoclasts, lowers blood calcium back to normal
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium (inhibits osteoclasts)
30
excessive osteoclast formation - spongy mobile bone, fractures easily
Paget's disease Osteoporosis - bone resorption losing too much calcium, body loses more bone than it makes Osteopenia - low bone mass
31
myofibrils are made from 3 types of proteins
1. contractile - myosin & actin 2. regulatory - tropomyosin/ troponin complex (Ca2+) 3. structural - keep thick & thin filaments in proper alignment, give myofibril extensibility & elasticity, link myofibril to sarcolemma
32
increase in mm size, cell grows larger
hypertrophy hyperplasia: increase in # of mm fibers atrophy: decrease mm size
33
muscle contraction process
Acetylcholine (ACh) → Na+ Influx → Ca2+ Release → Actin-Myosin Binding →
34
mm fibers have 4 ways to acquire / use ATP
1. previously stored in mm fibres - 3 sec worth 2. from creatine phosphate (short burst of energy) - 15 sec 3. by anaerobic glycolysis (no O2) - 30-40 sec 4. by aerobic cellular respiration - min-hours
35
postural mm & endurance, resists fatigue, generate ATP by aerobic respiration
slow oxidative fibers fast oxidative-glycolytic – walking/ sprinting, larger mm (quads, hams), intermediate, fast speed of contraction, generate ATP by aerobic respiration fast glycolytic – little myoglobin, short duration (weight lifting, throwing a ball), fast contraction (EYE MUSCLES), fatigue quickly, generate ATP by glycolysis
36
the enteric system is part of the....
ANS
37
brain & spinal cord
CNS PNS = everything outside
38
support, protect & nourish neurons, help maintain homeostasis, continue to divide throughout life, do NOT conduct action potentials
neuroglia microglia = immune defence
39
largest & most numerous, long processes – provide strength, form BBB to protect us from toxins/ microbes, regulate ion concentration for action potentials
atrocytes (CNS)
40
myelinate axons in the PNS
schwann cells oligodendrocytes (CNS)
41
RMP
= 70mV → inside more negative than outside
42
depolarization: _____ enters, becomes positive repolarization: _____ leaves, becomes negative
Na+; K+
43
EPSP vs IPSP
EPSP: DEPOLARIZE → make it more positive IPSP: HYPERPOLARIZE → make it more negative
44
continuous vs saltatory conduction
continuous: UNMYELINATED axons, slower saltatory: MYELINATED axons, jumping at “Nodes of Ranvier”, FASTER
45
3 factors that affect the speed of an action potential
1. amount of myelination – more myelin = faster 2. axon diameter – large diameter = faster 3. temperature – high temp = faster
46
acid vs base
(determined by how many H+ or OH- they have) ACID: pH less than 7 BASE: pH greater than 7
47
type of diffusion that involves water
osmosis moves from [HIGH] to [LOW]
48
2 layers of the dermis
papillary – smaller, more superficial → made of areolar CT reticular – larger, deeper region attached to hypodermis → made of dense irregular CT
49
3 methods to maintain & balance pH
1. Buffer systems – convert strong acids & bases into weaker ones → 3 main buffer systems: Protein, Carbonic acid-bicarbonate (most used), phosphate 2. Exhalation of carbon dioxide from the lungs 3. Kidney excretion of H+
50
3 main buffer systems
1. Protein 2. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate (most used) 3. Phosphate
51
CO2 & HCO3-
CO2 = respiratory HCO3- = metabolic Dosis = acid/C02 accumulate, lower PH Alkalosis = acid/c02 loss, raises PH *more CO2 = more acidic
52
acidosis vs alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis: CO2 high, low pH Respiratory alkalosis: CO2 low, high pH Metabolic acidosis: HCO3- low, low pH Metabolic alkalosis: HCO3- high, high pH
53
WBC count indicating infection or disease
Leukocytosis: WBC count over 10,000 = infection Leukopenia: WBC count under 5,000 = disease
54
granular vs agranular leukocytes
Granular a) Neutrophils (60-70%) b) Eosinophils (2-4%) c) Basophils (.5-1%) Agranular a) Lymphocytes (20-25%) b) Monocytes (3-8%)
55
produces ALL types of blood cells, formation of RBCs in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis Erthythopoeisis: RBCs produced Leukopoiesis: WBCs produced
56
RBCs and how they are destroyed
live for 120 days byproduct of breaking down RBCS = bilirubin
57
blood types
type O = no antigens type AB cannot donate to just A or B, only to AB all negatives cannot donate to positives AB- = missing RH factor all (-) can donate to (+) but (+) CAN NOT donate to (-)
58
3 types of capillaries
1. Continuous - most common, no holes, found in CNS, lungs, mm tissue, skin 2. Fenestrated - little holes, found in kidneys, small intestines, glands 3. Sinusoids - larger holes for RBCS to go through, in spleen & liver
59
types of shock (inadequate blood flow to body systems)
1. Hypovolemic - sudden blood loss, or loss of lots of fluids, blood volume decreases 2. Cardiogenic – heart fails to pump adequately 3. Vascular – systemic vascular resistance decreases causes too much arterial dilation 4. Neurogenic – head trauma to cardiovascular centre causes arterial dilation 5. Obstructive – portion of circulation is blocked
60
vascular resistance depends on 3 things
1. diameter of vessel lumen 2. blood viscosity (how thick it is) 3. vessel length
61
blood vessels & aging
Decreased compliance or distensibility of aorta Reduction in cardiac mm fibre size Loss of cardiac mm strength Reduced cardiac output Reduced heart rate Increase in systolic BP Increases cholesterol accumulation Increases in CAD (coronary artery disease) & CHF (congestive heart failure)
62
spider veins vs varicose veins
varicose: veins become dilated & twisted, usually due to faulty valves, create backflow spider: smaller & closer to surface of skin
63
AORTA
blood leaves heart INFERIOR VENA CAVA: carries blood back to heart

A&P REVIEW (12 decks)

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