Midterm Flashcards
Define pharmacology
The study of origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms
Define pharmacognosy
Identification of sources of drugs from plants animals and minerals
Define pharmacogenetics
Study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects
What are the 3 phases for investigational new drug approval
Phase 1: drugs is investigated in small groups of healthy volunteers to * establish its activity*
Phase 2: drug is investigated as a treatment for small number of individuals with the disease
Phase 3: drug is investigated in large multicenter studies to establish efficacy and safety
What are orphan drugs
Drugs used for rare disease and work recover cost of development
What are the 6 parts to a prescription
- Patients name, address and date
- Rx is direction of medication
- Inscription( name and quantity of drug)
- Subscription ( when needed, directions on prepping)
- Sig ( information pharmacist writes as instructions to patient)
- Name of prescriber
What are over the counter drugs ( OTC)
Does not need prescription but can be a hazard with self treatment
Drug administration vs pharmacokinetics vs pharmacodynamics
Drug administration: phase in which drug is available to body
Pharmacokinetics: what body does to drug
Pharmacodynamics: what drug does to body
Enternal vs parenteral vs transdermal vs inhalation vs topical
Enternal: tablet and suppository
Parenteral : IV, IM
What organ metabolizes and eliminates drugs
Liver metabolize
Kidney eliminates
What is first pass effect
Drugs activity is terminated in the passage to the liver before it reaches the general circulation and rest of body
What is plasma half time
Measure of how quickly a drug is eliminated from the body
What is L/T ratio and how to increase it
Amount of drug in the lung and amount that’s distributed systematically (rest of body)
It can be increased by offering education to patient
What is therapeutic index
Difference between minimal therapeutic and toxic concentration of a drug
Potency
Small amount of drug with maximal effect
Synergism
Two drugs act on a target organ by different mechanisms
Additivity
When two drugs act ok same receptors for maximal effect
Potentiation
Like synergism which one drug has no effect but can increase activity of other drug
Idiosyncratic effect
Absence of effect
Tachyphylaxis
Rapid decrease in response to drug
Particle sizes and location
Naso/ oropharyngeal : less than 10 um
Upper airways : 5-10 um
Lower respiratory tract: 2-5 um
Terminal airways: 0.8-3 um
What are the 3 mechanisms for aerosol deposition
Inertial impaction
Gravitational settling
Diffusion ( brownian motion)
What are the types of nebulizers
Small nebs
-Jet neb: referred to as SVN or HHN
-Mesh neb
-Ultrasonic neb
-Respirgard II: SVN fitted one way valve, contains pentamidine
Large nebs
-Heart/hope: continuous delivery, doses of 10-15 mg/hr
- Ribavirin: administered by small particle aerosol generator (SPAG)
Advantages and disadvantages of SVN small volume nebulizer
Advantage
- ability to aerosol many drugs
- can aerosol more than one drug
- minimal cooperation
- effective with low inspiratory flows
- normal breathing
Disadvantages
- equipment required can be expensive
- treatment can be lengthy
- variable performance
- contamination is possible
- most be cleaned and assembled
Advantages and disadvantages of DPIs
Advantages:
-small and portable
- short preparations and administration times
- no need for hand coordination
- no inspiratory hold
- no CFC propellants
Disadvantages:
- only a limited range of drugs is available
- moderate to high inspiratory flow rate needed
- relatively high oropharyngeal impaction
What are advantages and disadvantages of pMDI
Advantage:
- portable light and impact
- drug delivery efficient
- treatment time short
- fine particle size available
Disadvantages
- complex
What is included in the CNS and PNS
CNS
- Brain and spinal cord
PNS
- sensory neurons and somatic neurons( allow skeletal muscle response)
- autonomic neurons
What is parasympathomimetic vs parasympatholytic
Parasympathomimetic is a cholinergic
Parasympatholytic is an anticholinergic
What is sympathomimetic vs sympatholytic
Sympathomimetic is a adrenergic
Sympatholytic is an anti adrenergic
What is cholinergic
Drug causing stimulation of a receptor for acetylcholine
