Midterm 1: Lectures 5-6 Flashcards
Metabolic disease
disease caused by an abnormal metabolic process
- either congenital or acquired
Production disease
encompasses diseases previously known as metabolic diseases; defined by a loss of inputs due to inputs and outputs not balancing
What are the most important factors of production diseases?
- environment and nutrition
What is another name for Milk Fever?
Parturient paresis
Parturient paresis
- production disease around the time of parturition
- HYPOCALCEMIA: negative calcium balance caused by failure to mobilize reserves and by depletion of reserves to support milk production
What cow breed is most susceptible to parturient paresis?
- Jerseys (33%); usually mature cows who are 5-10yrs old and on their 3rd-7th calf
- other breeds are 10% susceptible (this includes beef cattle
What 3 stages of the lactation cycle can be affected by parturient paresis?
- 3 days pre-partum and during parturition (rare)
- fist 48hrs post-partum up to 10 days (majority of cases)
- 6-8 wks following lactation (highly susceptible cows affected)
During what stage of the lactation cycle are the majority of parturient paresis cases found?
first 48hrs post-partum up to 10 days
What are the 3 etiology theories for parturient paresis?
- net loss of calcium through colostrum and milk beyond capacity to absorb calcium to replenish reserves
- impairment to absorb calcium at the time of parturition
- reduced ability to absorb calcium from bone to maintain normal serum levels
What are the 3 stages of clinical observations seen with parturient paresis?
- brief period of hypersensitivity, tetany, restlessness, head shakes, bruxism, ataxic
- sternal recumbency, head kinked, drowsy, depressed, LOSS OF TETANY, ABOVE 80 BPM, weak, blank stare etc.
- lateral recumbency, near comatose, flaccid m, circulatory collapse, HR 120 BPM, bloat
How is parturient paresis treated?
- Calcium borogluconate (IV) = cow will rise in minutes
- try to place in sternal recumbency
- add glucose, phosphorus, and Mg
What is the preventative treatment for parturient paresis?
- proper diet with adequate Ca2+ and increased vit D (improves uptake)
- high PHOSPHATE diets (decrease milk fever)
- change in specific ion concentration will affect incidence: potassium increases, sulfur decreases
- High Mg diets reduce milk fever
What elements affect Milk Fever?
Decrease incidences: phosphate, sulfur, magnesium
Increase incidences: potassium
What are the best ratios of calcium to phosphate to decrease parturient paresis?
Ca:Phosphate = 6:1 = 30% milk fever
Ca:Phosphate = 1:1 = 15% milk fever
Ca:Phosphate = 1:3 = NO milk fever
What is the major complication to milk fever?
Downer Syndrome
- animal is down for too long and end up with muscle necrosis
- even if you treat milk fever a cow with Downer won’t stand
What is Ketosis in ruminants?
- impairment of CHO metabolism and VFA
How is ketosis biochemically similar in both sheep and cattle?
- ketonemia, ketouria, hypoglycemia
How is ketosis clinically different between sheep and cattle?
- Cattle = easy to treat
- Sheep = fatal
Bovine ketosis
extreme degree of a metabolic state that is under lower levels (nutrients)
note: all high producing dairy cows in early lactation are in a negative energy balance and subclinically ketotic
Where is bovine ketosis most common?
- 2-4 wks post-calving
- in countries with intensive farming practices
How many dairy farms are affected by ketosis?
1-5%
Why does ketosis occur?
- high producing heavily fed dairy cows housed in barns
- cattle on pasture or fed poor caloric rations
- secondary to a primary disease
What happens to milk production for cows that recover from ketosis?
They will produce less
Is ketosis of a high producing dairy cow in early lactation more severe than ketosis of starvation (T/F)
True
What happens to body fat stores when the body is in a negative energy balance?
- moblizes fat stores to provide energy for the cow
- too many FAs can overwhelm tissues (liver) capacity for fuel
What are the two types of Bovine Ketosis?
- Wasting Form
- Nervous Form
What is wasting form ketosis?
- 85-87% of cases
- decrease in appetite and milk production followed by rapid wt loss
- KEY: milk yield falls but spontaneously recovers (but not to full potential)
What is nervous form of ketosis?
- sudden symptoms of delirium, circling, blind, head pressing, licking, seizures; these episodes last 1-2 hrs
- cause: hypoglycemia and ketone bodies