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Animal Health and Disease > Midterm 1: Lectures 3-4 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Lectures 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

the manifestation of aberrant physiology

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

the mechanism of disease development

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3
Q

Pathology

A

examines relationship between change in structure and function to an underlysing disease

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4
Q

Who is the Father of modern pathology?

A

Rudolf Virchow
- described the life cycle of pork worm

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5
Q

Microscopy

A

apparatus that uses different lens to permit magnification
- resolution of 200nm

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6
Q

Resolution

A

ability to identify 2 points clearly

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7
Q

3 types of electron microscopy

A
  1. transmission: electron beam passed through tissue
  2. scanning: provides a 3D image
  3. scanning-transmission: highest detailed image
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8
Q

resolution of electron microscopy

A

1-200nm

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9
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

Lab method that uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in cell tissue
1) primary antibody binds to antigens on tissue
2) secondary antibody binds primary antibody and has an attached fluorochrome for detection

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10
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

atoms on the fluorochrome emit longer detectable wavelength

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11
Q

confocal microscopy

A
  • images have high resolution and multiple images can be generated into a 3D image
  • provide real time images on living tissue
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12
Q

molecular pathology

A
  • used in diagnostic pathology for tumour biology
  • examines molecular composition of cells
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13
Q

small strand conformation polymorphism

A
  • identifies small changes in genome
  • an altered gene sequence has a change in the 3D structure of proteins which affects the proteins migration on PAGE gels
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14
Q

comparative genome hybridization

A
  • testing for healthy vs tumor DNA
  • can examine individual chromosomes or complete genome
  • red flag = normal; blue flag = abnormal
  • if we see a 50:50 ratio the DNA is normal
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15
Q

in-situ hybridization

A

identifies and localizes an abnormal cell within a tissue section

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16
Q

PCR

A
  • amplification technique that amplifies undetectable amounts of RNA/DNA to detectable levels
  • good to detect change in tumour genome and microbial pathogens
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17
Q

Tissue microarrays

A

1) multiple tissues put on slide and examined together for a single trait
2) a single tissue is examined using different diagnostic tests

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18
Q

2 streams of pathology in vet med

A
  1. anatomic pathologist
  2. clinical pathologist
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19
Q

Anatomic pathologist

A

examines structural change in tissues and organs to identify cause of disease

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20
Q

Clinical pathologist

A

examines change in blood and tissue biopsy to identify cause of disease

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21
Q

Infectious Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis

A

Blood work reveals: leukopenia, neutropenia, degenerative left shift, normal serum
- caused by Hemophilus somnus
- septicemia and vasculitis
- blindness as key indicator

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22
Q

Fibrinopleuropneumonia

A
  • caused by Hemophilis somnus
  • problem in feedlots
  • 90% fatality if not treated
23
Q

Multicentric Bovine Lyphosarcoma

A
  • ‘huffing puffing cow’
  • problem in pedigree livestock and dairy herds
  • retrovirus
  • uncontrolled lymphocyte growth
24
Q

Who performs necropsies in the farm setting?

A
  • the general practitioner in the field
  • done to determine cause of death and if the herd is at risk
25
Q

Toxicosis

A

a diseased condition resulting from poisoning

26
Q

Poison

A

substance that causes injury, illness, or death

27
Q

Toxin

A

one of a number of poisons produced by certain plants, animals, and bacteria

28
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

too much potassium becomes toxic
- cats

29
Q

Toxic material

A
  • common cause of non-infectious diseases in livestock
30
Q

How are toxic materials classified? 5 categories

A
  • classified by type of material or organism which produces the poison
    1. Bacterial toxins
    2. Metallic or chemical poisons
    3. Zootoxins
    4. Mycotoxins
    5. Phytotoxins
31
Q

Bacterial toxins

A
  1. endotoxin = part of the bacteria cell wall (LPS of gram -ve)
  2. exotoxin = released by bacteria into host
  3. antitoxin = neutralizes the toxin (ex. antibody)
32
Q

Metallic/chemical toxins

A

metals interfere with the disulfide linkage enzymes present in mitochondria

33
Q

Phytotoxins

A
  • plant toxins
  • largest group of potential poisons in livestock
  • SILKY LUPIN = crooked calf syndrome; mom ingests plant and causes uterus not to move and stops kinesis
34
Q

Zootoxins

A
  • venom produced by animals
35
Q

What type of zootoxin does the blue ring octopus produce?

A
  • Maculotoxin
  • similar to tetrodotoxin from puffer fish
36
Q

Mycotoxins

A
  • produced by mold or fungi and grow on grass, grain, peanuts, corn etc.
37
Q

What are mycotoxins an antagonist to?

A
  • vitamin K (needed to coagulate blood)
38
Q

Clavicepi purpurea

A
  • example of a mycotoxin
  • ergotamine = vasoconstrictor, necrosis of digits, hallucinogenic
39
Q

Cell injury

A

any change in the cell that has lost its ability to maintain the normal or adaptive homeostatic state

40
Q

2 types of cell injury

A
  1. reversible cell injury (degeneration)
  2. irreversible cell injury
41
Q

5 mechanisms for cell death

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. Oxygen free radicals
  3. Increased intracellular calcium
  4. Membrane permeability defects
  5. Irreversible mitochondrial damage
42
Q

ATP depletion

A
  • needed to power synthetic and degradative cell processes
  • produced by: oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolytic pathways (anaerobic)
43
Q

Oxygen free radicals

A
  • biproduct of aerobic metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation
  • they are missing an electron and will damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to get one
  • cell has a free-radical scavenging system but if the radicals overwhelm the system, damage occurs
44
Q

Increased intracellular Ca2+ (loss of Ca2+ homeostatic mechanism)

A

Calcium aka The Cell Assassin
- will activate phospholipidase, protease, ATPase, and endonuclease
- usually pumps ensure excess calcium is returned to the extracellular matric or sequestered in the mitochondria and ER

45
Q

Membrane permeability defects

A
  • loss of selective membrane permeability; ions flood cell
  • ions cause H2O to follow and cause swelling
46
Q

Irreversible mitochondrial damage

A
  • mammalian cells are dependent on oxidative metabolism
47
Q

Selenosis

A
  • selenium toxicity
  • Se is essential to animals but too much is a problem
48
Q

Who is most susceptible to selenosis?

A

swine>horses>cattle>sheep

49
Q

What will Se replace in proteins?

A
  • very similar to sulfur
  • affects disulfide linkages, tertiary & quaternary structures, and enzyme activity
  • narrow range btw Se deficiency and toxicity
50
Q

How do animals ingest too much Se?

A
  • pyritic Se goes into soil and forms selenite and selenate both of which are water soluble
  • animals orally uptake H2O, eat plants rich in Se, or are over-supplemented
51
Q

What are 6 clinical signs of acute selenosis?

A
  1. laboured breathing
  2. abdominal pain and bruxism
  3. no appetite, vomiting, diarrhea
  4. garlic breath
  5. drop in blood pressure
  6. death
52
Q

Polymyelomalacia

A
  • selenosis unique to swine
  • wasting of the gray matter of the spinal cord = motor neurons shut down paralyzing the animal
  • animal is still 100% mentally aware
53
Q

Chronic selenosis

A
  • aka alkali disease
  • > 30 days of Se exposure
  • alopecia and dystrophic hoof growth
  • swelling, pain, lame

Animal Health and Disease (21 decks)

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