Midterm 1: Lectures 1-2 Flashcards
5 hallmarks of inflammation
SHRPL = swelling, heat, redness, pain, loss of fxn
2 categories of hypersensitivity
1) improper response to foreign antigens
2) immune response to ‘self’ antigens
4 types of hypersentitivity
1) Anaphylactic rxn
2) Cytolytic/Cytotoxic rxn
3) Immune complex rxn
4) Delayed-type or Tuberculin rxn
Immunodeficiency
loss of fxn of one or several components of the immune system (innate or acquired)
2 categories of immunodeficiency
1) Primary (congenital) = genetic defects
2) Secondary (acquired) = many causes
2 examples of primary immunodeficiency
1) Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
2) FIV
Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
- single point mutation in CD18 gene: aspartic acid to glycine
- impaired expression of the beta 2 integrin adhesion molecules on the surface of WBC; without them WBC are unable to travel to sight of infection and help fight
How is FIV transmitted?
1) vertically (in utero and nursing)
2) oronasal and venereal spread (bite wounds)
What cats are most susceptible to FIV?
male and roaming cats
What cells does FIV target?
- CD4 T-Cells which orchestrate immune response
- macrophage/dendritic cells which initiate immune fxn
Why is FIV described as latent?
Part of the virus integrates into the cell genome causing the cell to produce the virus and act as a reservoir making it hard to remove. Even when the cat recovers, he is asymptomatic
What cells does FIV replicate in?
CD4 T-Cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
When does peak infection of FIV occur?
- 8 to 12 weeks
- anorexic, fever, depression
What are the clinical signs of FIV?
*These are causes by a secondary infection
- tumors (due to lack of T cell surveillance)
- brain injury
- gingivitis, tacky fur, hunched, sloughing guts
What does FIV stand for?
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Antigen
Binds antibodies; any substance that causes the immune system to procure an antibody response
Epitope
part of the ANTIGEN that binds antibody and reacts with specific region of the antibody
Immunogen
a molecule that is capable of eliciting an immune response
- will induce an antibody of cell mediated immune response
immunogenicity
ability of an antigen to induce an immune response
hapten
small molecule which is UNABLE to induce an immune response
carrier
large molecule chemically linked to haptens to make product immunogenic
adjuvant
substance that enhances an immune response and is added to vaccines (Freud’s adjuvant)
toxoid
non-toxic derivative of a toxin used as immunogen
Vaccination
protective immunization against an agent
What was the first vaccine made to combat?
small pox
Vaccine
preparation that induces and/or improves the antibody or cell mediated immune response against a pathogen
immunization
generate protection in a controlled manner prior to exposure to a harmful agent
What are the 3 types of immunization that induce acquired immunity?
1) active immunization
2) passive immunization
3) adoptive transfer
Active immunization
immunity developed by the administration of antigen
Passive immunization
immunity developed by transferring antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual
Adoptive transfer
immunity developed by transferring immune cells from an immunized individual to non-immunized individual
Attenuated vaccine
contains live modified organisms
killed vaaccine
the pathogen is killed
toxoid
non-toxic derivative of a toxin used as immunogen
What is an example of a toxoid?
tetanus
subunit vaccine
only a portion of the pathogen is used to create an immune response
Conjugate vaccine
poorly immunogenic compounds are linked to proteins to make them more immunogenic
monovalent/polyvalent vaccines
monovalent vaccines vaccinate against 1 antigen; polyvalent vaccinate against more than 1
How do vaccines work?
- provide portions of pathogen to host to induce immune response
- provides time to develop immunity prior to potential challenge by pathogen
Health
a state of physical, psychological, and production well-being
Disease
abnormality of structure or fxn with an identifiable pathological basis and with a recognizable syndrome of clinical signs
Morbidity
a condition of being diseased
Mortality
quality of being moral; death
Disease prevalence
total # of cases of the disease in a specific population at a specific time
Disease incidence
of new cases of a disease in a specific population at a specific time
Epidemiological surveillance
the discipline of continuously gathering, analyzing and interpreting data about diseases and communicating to organizations
Why is epidemiological surveillance important?
prevention and control of disease
What are the 3 principles of a surveillance program?
- collect and assess data
- transfer data
- apply data: prevention or treatment
What are the 2 categories of testing?
- clinical exam
- diagnostic and screening exam
Screening
the presumptive identification of unrecognizable disease or defect by the application of tests
What is the purpose of screening tests?
sort animals into healthy vs not healthy
What are the 3 formats of screening tests?
- mass screening
- selective screening
- multiple screening
Multiple screening
combining single screening tests on selective groups in a population
What are diagnostic tests based on?
Sensitivity and/or specificity
Sensitivity
ability for a test to identify a sick animal
Specificity
ability for a test to identify a healthy animal
SNOUT
sensitivity high, rule out
SPIN
specificity high, rule in
Innate immunity
all bodily constituents an organism is born with and will always have available to protect
- rapid, non-specific, no memory
Acquired immunity
more specialized defense that requires initial contact with a pathogen
3 innate immunity mechanisms
1) phagocytosis helpers = opsonin which acts as a complement
2) extracellular killing via natural killer cells
3) biologically active substances
4 cell types of acquired immunity
1) B cells
2) T cells
3) Antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells and macrophages
4) lymphocytes
B cells
produce immunoglobins (antibodies) that bind to specific antigens
- humoral immunity
- IgG etc.
T cells
- cell mediated
- T-helper, T-regulatory, Cytotoxic T cells
- tell B cells to produce antibodies
Primary antibody response
- lag period: days - months (no memory B cells)
- low antibody production
- mainly IgM response
Secondary antibody response
- lag period: only days (memory B cells)
- high antibody levels with better binding affinity to antigens
- mainly IgG, IgA, IgE
Herd immunity
protection to everyone in a community by high vaccination rates; provides protection to those unable to receive vaccinations
What is the herd immunity rule for ag-vet med vs human med?
- vet med: 70%
- human med: 80%
What are 5 reasons for vaccine avoidance
- critical
- religion
- political
- sanitary
- scientific
Marker Vaccines
aka DIVA vaccines: Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (using serology)
- structural proteins = vaccinated
- non-structural proteins = infected
