Final - Lecture 20 Flashcards
What virus causes COVID-19?
SARS-CoV-2
*SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome
Clinical signs of COVID-19
variable!
- asymptomatic
- mild pneumonia
- fulminating ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome
- organ failure
Supportive care for COVID-19
intubation ventilation and oxygenation
What is the most promising antiviral drug?
Remdesivir
What are the 4 COVID-19 vaccine types?
- Whole virus
- Protein subunit
- Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
- Viral vector
Whole virus COVID-19 vaccine
- killed or live attenuated
- live attenuated = non-virulent form of the virus that replicated in host to generate immune response
Protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine
parts of the virus used to trigger the immune response
Nucleic acid COVID-19 vaccine
genetic material, enter host cell, make the antigen
- Pfizer and Moderna
Viral vector COVID-19 vaccine
use an attenuated virus (vector) to deliver the vaccine genetic material to cells
- AstraZeneca
What animal is the best experimental model for viral replication of COVID-19 within the respiratory tract?
Ferret
What 2 animals are resistant to COVID-19?
pigs and chickens
How were Danish Mink Farms impacted by COVID-19?
- very rapid transmission btw farms; suggested virus had adapted for transmission within mink
- unknown how the virus was introduced to pink farms but suspected they were visited by individuals who tested positive for COVID-19
- also potential for seagulls moving btw farms to transmit virus
How do coronaviruses affect both animals and people?
induce respiratory and intestinal infections
What is the viral life cycle of coronaviruses?
- S-protein binds to cell surface receptors and needed for membrane fusion
- binds to host angiotensin and converts enzyme 2
- immune cells disseminate the virus throughout the body
- virus replicates in cells and then released by budding to infect other cells
How do coronaviruses cause cell injury
- alters immune fxn; inflammation and immune suppression
- increases expression to chemokines; facilitate virus replication and block immune response
- induces apoptosis of T cells and epithelial cells
- inhibits interferon production
- increases lung inflammation