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Animal Health and Disease > Final - Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Final - Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What virus causes COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

*SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome

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2
Q

Clinical signs of COVID-19

A

variable!
- asymptomatic
- mild pneumonia
- fulminating ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome
- organ failure

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3
Q

Supportive care for COVID-19

A

intubation ventilation and oxygenation

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4
Q

What is the most promising antiviral drug?

A

Remdesivir

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5
Q

What are the 4 COVID-19 vaccine types?

A
  1. Whole virus
  2. Protein subunit
  3. Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
  4. Viral vector
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6
Q

Whole virus COVID-19 vaccine

A
  • killed or live attenuated
  • live attenuated = non-virulent form of the virus that replicated in host to generate immune response
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7
Q

Protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine

A

parts of the virus used to trigger the immune response

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8
Q

Nucleic acid COVID-19 vaccine

A

genetic material, enter host cell, make the antigen

  • Pfizer and Moderna
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9
Q

Viral vector COVID-19 vaccine

A

use an attenuated virus (vector) to deliver the vaccine genetic material to cells

  • AstraZeneca
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10
Q

What animal is the best experimental model for viral replication of COVID-19 within the respiratory tract?

A

Ferret

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11
Q

What 2 animals are resistant to COVID-19?

A

pigs and chickens

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12
Q

How were Danish Mink Farms impacted by COVID-19?

A
  • very rapid transmission btw farms; suggested virus had adapted for transmission within mink
  • unknown how the virus was introduced to pink farms but suspected they were visited by individuals who tested positive for COVID-19
  • also potential for seagulls moving btw farms to transmit virus
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13
Q

How do coronaviruses affect both animals and people?

A

induce respiratory and intestinal infections

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14
Q

What is the viral life cycle of coronaviruses?

A
  1. S-protein binds to cell surface receptors and needed for membrane fusion
  2. binds to host angiotensin and converts enzyme 2
  3. immune cells disseminate the virus throughout the body
  4. virus replicates in cells and then released by budding to infect other cells
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15
Q

How do coronaviruses cause cell injury

A
  • alters immune fxn; inflammation and immune suppression
  • increases expression to chemokines; facilitate virus replication and block immune response
  • induces apoptosis of T cells and epithelial cells
  • inhibits interferon production
  • increases lung inflammation
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16
Q

pathogenesis/transmission of SARS

A
  1. respiratory droplets or fecal/urine contamination
  2. virus invades respiratory tract epithelium- destroys; inflammatory cells invade issue injuring capillaries and blood-gas barrier
  3. Fibrin in alveoli and injury to Type-II pneumocytes causes decrease surfactant (collapse of alveoli)
  4. SARS or ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrom)
  5. death via acute respiratory failure
  6. infect circulating immune cells that transport virus to other tissues = secondary opportunistic pathogen infections
  7. extra respiratory tissue involved in immune fxn are injured by virus
17
Q

3 stages of lung injury induced by coronaviruses

A
  1. Acute: ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
  2. Proliferative: pneumocyte hyperplasia, cellular exudate
  3. Final stage: alveolar and septal fibrosis; severity related to duration of SARS
18
Q

What are the 2 types of lung cells?

A
  1. Type 1 pneumocytes
    - 90-95% of cells in lung, gas exchange, squamous (thin)
  2. Type 2 pneumocytes
    - surfactant (surface tension), divides in injured lung to form Type I pneumocytes
19
Q

In general, what should you do if working at an import facility and you discover sick animals?

A
  1. WHAT
    - disease diagnosis
    - understand the characteristics of the agent
  2. HOW
    - data acquisition
    - transfer this info to veterinary, public, and governing bodies
  3. RESPONSE
    - monitor to reduce contact
    - treat and vaccinate
    - quarantine animals and ppl in contact
    - slaughter
20
Q

Why do we get coronavirus induced SARS?

A
  • no herd immunity so the virus spreads fast
  • lack of effective antiviral drugs or vaccines
  • potential for infections originating in hospitals
  • spread by carriers

Animal Health and Disease (21 decks)

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