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KSUCPM IMAGING > MIDSEM TQ > Flashcards

MIDSEM TQ Flashcards

1
Q
  1. how many protons (atomic #) does Tungsten (W) have?
A
  1. protons: 74 (high atomic # is more efficient in x-ray production)
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2
Q
  1. true or false: electrons come out of the xray machine
A
  1. false: photons come out of the xray machine
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3
Q
  1. each photon carries so little energy, what can you only experience?
A
  1. “collective effect” of many photons
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4
Q
  1. 10^-3 & 10^3 are scientifically abbreviated how?
A
  1. 10^-3 = kilo- & 10^3 = milli-
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5
Q
  1. what results from total penetration?
A
  1. no image - body has to absorb or scatter it
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6
Q
  1. what do x-rays react with on the film?
A
  1. silver halide
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7
Q
  1. what does alternating current need to be converted to for usage?
A
  1. direct current
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8
Q
  1. how is low-voltage AC current converted to high-voltage AC current
A
  1. transformed - kicked up
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9
Q
  1. ripple factors: half-wave, unfiltered & filtered
A
  1. unfiltered: 100% filtered: 20% (better, smoothed out)
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10
Q
  1. ripple factors: full-wave, unfiltered & filtered
A
  1. unfiltered: 100% filtered: 9% (good, very smooth)
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11
Q
  1. negatively charged tungsten cathode
A
  1. coiled filament(s)
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12
Q
  1. positively charged copper anode
A
  1. embedded tungsten target
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13
Q
  1. ____ functions to produce electrons
A
  1. cathode (anode receives because it is oppositely charged)
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14
Q
  1. heat-induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier
A
  1. thermoionic emission
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15
Q
  1. what does milliampers (ma) control directly?
A
  1. directly = tube current = xray beam
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16
Q
  1. what does kVp control directly?
A
  1. directly = filament heat = tube current = xray beam
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17
Q
  1. what does total filtration =
A
  1. added + inherent
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18
Q
  1. what does ‘beam hardening’ do?
A
  1. filter out low protons beams
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19
Q
  1. compensating filter: used for the foot
A
  1. wedge filter
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20
Q
  1. compensating filter: used for chest
A
  1. trough / bilateral wedge filter
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21
Q
  1. what is the break down of the 1% of anode interactions (useful x-rays)?
A
  1. bremsstrahlung (0.9%) & characteristic (0.1%)
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22
Q
  1. what is directly proportional to beam intensity?
A
  1. mAs and beam intensity are directly proportional
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23
Q
  1. what affects film blackening?
A
  1. kilovoltage (kVp)
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24
Q
  1. how do you maintain a constant film density?
A
  1. increase kVp by 15% (should be accompanied by 50% decrease of the mAs)
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25
Q
  1. what does film density = ?
A
  1. film density = film blackness (air = black)
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26
Q
  1. what happens if you increase atomic #?
A
  1. increase quantity and quality
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27
Q
  1. 2 basic factors affecting quality of x-ray beam photons?
A
  1. 1.kilovoltage (kVp) 2.filtration
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28
Q
  1. what are 3 ways energy (radiation) is transferred to any material which it interacts?
A
  1. 1.penetrates 2.absorbed 3.scattered
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29
Q
  1. 4 factors affecting attenuation?
A
  1. 1.kilovoltage (faster cars) 2.density 3.atomic number (Z) 4.electrons per gram of tissue
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30
Q
  1. measures the amount of radiation energy (E) absorbed per unit mass (M) of the absorbing medium
A
  1. absorbed dose (D) = (E) / (M)
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31
Q
  1. 1 Gy = ____
A
  1. 1 Gy = 100 rads
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32
Q
  1. 1 rad = ____
A
  1. 1 rad = 10 mGy
33
Q
  1. 1 Sv = ____
A
  1. 1 Sv = 100 rem (1 rem = 10 mSv)
34
Q
  1. what is silver (Ag+1) reduced to?
A
  1. ionic (Ag+1) is reduced to metallic (Ag 0) ….(that’s a zero. loss of electron) **over time all undeveloped silver halide is reduced to silver
35
Q
  1. converts silver halide crystals with latent image centers into ________
A
  1. flecks of silver
36
Q
  1. activators: ______ provides acid media (pH 4.0) for hardener & also helps neutralize developer
A
  1. acetic acid
37
Q
  1. film types: are non-screen films enhanced x-ray sensitivity or enhanced light sensitivity?
A
  1. enhanced x-ray sensitivity
38
Q
  1. how does a fluoroscope work?
A
  1. produces a real-time image (know that it is an inverted ( - ) image. areas that look dark are light)
39
Q
  1. what kind of light does silver halide respond to?
A
  1. violet & blue (not green, yellow or red)
40
Q
  1. digital radiography replaces film with reusable detector. what are they 2 types of systems?
A
  1. 1.cassette-based 2.cassette-less
41
Q
  1. what 3 things does scattered radiation increase with?
A
  1. 1.increasing part thickness 2.increased field size 3.increased energy (kVp) of x-rays
42
Q
  1. at a transmittance (T%) of 50% what is the optical film density?
A
  1. 0.3
43
Q
  1. if you increase kilovoltage how does that affect contrast?
A
  1. increases contrast
44
Q
  1. does changing miliamps affect contrast?
A
  1. no (*note: mA x time (mAs) does not affect subject contrast either
45
Q
  1. any degree of darkening on the film that occurs outside exposure process is ____?
A
  1. fog
46
Q
  1. what 3 ways can sharpness be optimized (by decrease beam penumbra)
A
  1. 1.minimizing object-film distance (OFD) 2.maximizing source-image distance (SID) 3.decreasing focal spot size
47
Q
  1. subject contrast: chest - ? / abdomen - ? / extremities - ?
A
  1. 1.chest - high subject contrast 2.abdomen - low subject contrast 3.extremities - intermediate (to high) subject contrast
48
Q
  1. how much of a change in mAs has to occur to produce a visual change in optical density?
A
  1. 30% (kVp changed by approximately 4% to produce a visible change in O.D.)
49
Q
  1. what is important to know about radiations effect on water?
A
  1. can split water & make free radicals. hydrogen peroxide formation (toxic). effects are enhanced when oxygen is present.
50
Q
  1. law of bergonie & tribondeau: what factors cause increased radiosensitivity?
A
  1. decrease age, increased metabolic activity, cell proliferation rate, tissue growth rate
51
Q
  1. law of bergonie & tribondeau: how does cell maturity relate to resistance?
A
  1. greater maturity of cell = increased resistance (*kids are very sensitive to radiation)
52
Q
  1. which 4 cell types are highly sensitive to radiation?
A
  1. 1.lymphocytes 2.erythroblasts 3.myeloblasts 4.spermatogonia **foot is very radio resistant
53
Q
  1. ____ are among the most radiosensitive cells?
A
  1. spermatogonia (gonad shield)
54
Q
  1. almost every type of chromosomal aberration can be ____
A
  1. radiation induced (visible chromosomal damage)
55
Q
  1. ____ chromosomal aberrations are considered to be the most significant in terms of latent human damage
A
  1. multi-hit
56
Q
  1. what is the minimum radiation dose necessary to produce chromosomal aberration?
A
  1. 5 rad
57
Q
  1. what is the acute threshold of cataract formation?
A
  1. 2 Gy (Beir suggests 0.6-1.5 Gy)
58
Q
  1. what are five long term areas of somatic damage?
A
  1. 1.cataract formation 2.thyroid nodularity & CA 3.lifespan shortening 4.cancer induction 5.fetal effects
59
Q
  1. fetal effects: which trimester is most sensitive?
A
  1. first trimester (maturity of fetus at time of exposure determines magnitude & kinds of damage )
60
Q
  1. a dose of 1.0 rem per generation increases the natural or spontaneous mutation rate by approximately ___
A
  1. 0.01
61
Q
  1. distance: scatter is generally ___ of beam entrance skin intensity at ___ meter
A
  1. 0.1% of beam entrance skin intensity at 1.0 meter (1 meter away is significant for dilution)
62
Q
  1. fetal exposure - 2nd to 8th week of pregnancy - Early: & Later:
A
  1. early= severe skeletal anomalies & later= congenital abnormalities
63
Q
  1. fetal exposure - 8th to 15th week - structural CNS disorder
A
  1. microcephaly
64
Q
  1. 3 ways for exposure reduction
A
  1. 1.time (minimize) 2.distance (maximize) 3.shielding (employ)
65
Q
  1. lowers patient dose by restricting the volume of irradiated tissues (improves image contrast by decreasing scatter)
A
  1. collimation (restricts primary beam)
66
Q
  1. 1 TVL (tenth value layer) = ___
A
  1. 3.3 HVLs
67
Q
  1. what body parts contain high effective dose values?
A
  1. 1.lumbar spine 2.barium enema
68
Q
  1. aprons: primary beam / secondary beam
A
  1. primary: 0.5 mm / secondary: 0.25 mm
69
Q
  1. higher wavelength =
A
  1. less energy
70
Q
  1. electrons enter the anode with similar kinetic energy, but exit in ____ have different ____
A
  1. photons / energy values
71
Q
  1. doubling ___ will double the number of admitted xrays
A
  1. mAs
72
Q
  1. why is higher kVp safer?
A
  1. deposits less energy in the patient
73
Q
  1. know chart on page 7
A
  1. seriously
74
Q
  1. know chart on page 15
A
  1. quality factors
75
Q
  1. 4 factors of attenuation
A
  1. 1.kilovoltage 2.density 3.atomic number (Z) 4.electrons per gram of tissue
76
Q
  1. 1sv = ____
A
  1. 1sv = 100 rem
77
Q
  1. know optical density chart page 2
A
  1. seriously
78
Q
  1. law of bergonie and tribondeau - page 6
A
  1. seriously
79
Q
  1. cytogenic damage
A
  1. damage is manifested during next cellular mitosis

KSUCPM IMAGING (42 decks)

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