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KSUCPM IMAGING > LECTURE I > Flashcards

LECTURE I Flashcards

1
Q

what are things an x-ray operator must know?

A
  • Proper operation of each individual x-ray machine (everyone is different)
  • Positioning patient
  • Controlling image quality – kVp, mA, grid, etc.
  • Minimizing radiation as much as possible
  • Radiation distribution in room
  • Positioning personnel
  • Shielding devices and monitoring devices
  • Laws and policies
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2
Q

what are the metrics used in operating an x-ray?

A

kilo, 10^3

milli, 10^-3

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3
Q

smallest particle of matter that has all the properties of the element

A

Atom

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4
Q

of protons

A

Atomic Number (Z)

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5
Q

of protons and neutrons

A

Atomic Mass (A)

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6
Q

amount of energy that electrons have in each shell

A

Binding Energy (BE)

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7
Q

bound electrons have a positive or negative total energy?

A

negative

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8
Q

T/F, x-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

T

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9
Q

what is the SI unit of frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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10
Q

what is the equation of velocity?

A

wavelength x frequency

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11
Q

localized electromagnetic energy that is absorbed or emitted in discrete bundles

A

photons

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12
Q

T/F, ionizing radiation is never transferred to any material with which it interacts?

A

F, always

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13
Q

term used to define:

when atoms gain or lose electrons (in outer shell)

A

ionization

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14
Q

what are the two types of electricity?

A

static

current

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15
Q

static electricity is charge at rest measured in?

A

coulombs

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16
Q

current electricity is moving charge measured in?

A

amperes

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17
Q

what direction do electric currents flow?

A

always flow from neg to pos

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18
Q

what are the two types of electric current?

A

AC/DC

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19
Q

what is the direction of flow of DC and AC?

A

flow of electrons in one direction

flow of electrons in alternating and opposite directions, like a negative and positive wave

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20
Q

for AC, what is one pulse? 1 cycle?

A

from - to +

2 pulses

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21
Q

the x-ray machine has what 3 basic components?

A

generator
x-ray tube
control panel

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22
Q

this supplies the power to the X-ray tube from the wall plug to the X-ray tube

A

generator

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23
Q

what are the step completed by the generator?

A

3 steps

transformation
rectification
capacitation

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24
Q

for the generator to be effective for the x-rays, the energy needs must be higher to accelerate electrons and this is done by what step by the generator?

A

transformation

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25
Q

since we know the energy needs cannot be an AC because of the pulsating vibes, what step of the generator fixes this?

A

rectification

26
Q

why is pulsating bad for for the x-ray?

A

not safe
poor images
hard on the x-ray tube

27
Q

what part of the generator process allows for the energy waves to be smooth?

A

capacitation

28
Q

what does step one, transformation by the generator, do?

A

turns low voltage AC to high voltage AC

29
Q

a changing magnetic field makes?

A

a transient electric field and vice versa

30
Q

this is a coil of wire that current runs through to create a weak magnetic field, left to right run action…

A

solenoid

31
Q

if there is another coil wrapped around the same iron core we induce an EMF in that coil as well and this called?

A

mutual inductance

32
Q

what does rectification do?

A

turns AC to DC

33
Q

what does capacitation do?

A

filters or smooths out the ripple voltage to make the radiation more effective

34
Q

this is a variation in the voltage across the X-ray tube expressed as a percentage of its maximum value( the higher the percentage, the less smooth it will be)

this is what step of the generator process?

the term that best describes the option we should have for a clearer image?

A

ripple factor

capacitation

high frequency

35
Q

so, now what part component of the x-ray makes the rays and name the steps?

A

X-ray tube

boiling off electrons
electrons shot at anode target
production of photons
completion of circuit

36
Q

name this step of the X-ray tube:

electrons boil off at the headed tungsten filament cathode coil

A

boiling off electrons

37
Q

this term is used to describe a structure of the cathode that surrounds the coil and has tungsten filament

A

focusing cup

38
Q

why does the tungsten filament heat up in the boiling off electron step of the X-ray tube?

A

high resistance

39
Q

this is the term used in the 1st step of the X-ray tube that describes electrons that are circulating around the coil boil off due to heat?

A

thermionic emission

40
Q

term used for the cloud that stops further electron emission via electrostatic repulsion?

A

space charge effect

41
Q

space charge effect at low anode kVp?

A

less than 40, the cloud limits current flow in the X-ray tube

42
Q

space charge effect at high anode kVp?

A

greater than 40, aka the saturation phase and so electrons are pulled away from the filament and tube current is maximized

43
Q

this is the step of the x-ray tube that goes from neg. cathode to pos anode target with high kVps

A

electrons shot at anode target

44
Q

this is the part of the copper anode where the electrons reach, specifically the tungsten target completing the circuit?

A

focal spot

45
Q

this is the step of the X-ray tube where high KE electrons interact w/ tungsten target to produce photons at x-ray wavelengths?

A

production of photons

46
Q

what are the two types of anodes?

which one is more common?

which one spins at high speeds, dissipates and increases SA?

A

stationary and rotating anode

stationary anode

rotating anode

47
Q

the heel effect is in what step of the X-ray tube? and what is it?

what should we take note of?

A

3rd step, production of photons

creation of a nonuniform x-ray beam duet to some radiation absorption by the heel

thicker body parts like heel faces the cathode and the toes face the anode

48
Q

what is the 4th step of the X-ray tube? define it…

A

completion of the circuit

the x-rays leave through window/filter and electrons are conducted away

49
Q

what are the two types of filtration?

A

inherent filtration

added filtration

50
Q

this type of filtration is the filtering that is inherent in the X-ray tube head not added and result in the x-rays passing through glass, insulting oil, and window

A

inherent filtration

51
Q

this type of filtration is added to the window in the path of exiting x-rays

A

added filtration

52
Q

what can be added to filtration to be effective?

A

aluminum and compensating filters (compensate for density variation) like:

wedge filter
trough wedge filter
step wedge filter

53
Q

what are the three basic anode interactions?

A

infrared radiation
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Characteristic radiation

54
Q

name this basic anode radiation?

99% of anode interactions yield useless infrared (heat)

A

infrared radiation

55
Q

name this basic anode radiation?

0.9% of anode interactions that yields the x-rays

aka braking radiation

A

bremsstrahlung radiation

56
Q

name this basic anode radiation?

0.1% of anode interactions that also yields useful x-rays

A

characteristic radiation

57
Q

electrons don’t collide with tungsten anode atoms because they are diverted due to opposing nuclear forces and this is called?

so deflections occur and what does this equal?

A

braking effect

a photon of radiation

58
Q

for the polyenergetic Bremsstrahlung curve, what is significant of 33 KeV? 100 KeV? why is ht spike important?

A

max # of x-rays

no x-rays

spike in the graph is due to x-rays being produced by characteristic radiation

59
Q

how is X-ray radiation released?

A

by positively charged tungsten atoms as a way of returning it to its normal energy state

60
Q

the inner orbital electrons knocked off make what percent of the x-ray beam? what is the innermost shell of the tungsten atom?

A

10-28% of the x-ray beam

K shell 70 keV
L shell 11 keV
M shell 2 keV

KSUCPM IMAGING (42 decks)

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