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KSUCPM IMAGING > FINAL TQ PART IV > Flashcards

FINAL TQ PART IV Flashcards

1
Q

effects of ionizing radiation?

A 
biologic effects
can penetrate matter
-disrupts atomic structure
-temp or perm cellular damage
causes materials to fluoresce
reacts with silver halide
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2
Q

name this definition:

energy is always transferred to any material with which it interacts

A

ionizing radiation

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3
Q

what are the considerations of the interactions with x-rays?

A

interaction with air
interaction with patient
interaction with image receptors like film and screens

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4
Q

what are the three types of interactions with matter?

A

penetration
absorption
scatter

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5
Q

what are the 5 basic interactions with matter?

A 
coherent scatter
pair production
photodisintegration
compton scatter
photoelectric absorption
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6
Q

name this definition:

interaction with matter where the x-ray is absorbed and not scattered

A

photoelectric rxn

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7
Q

what does the photoelectric rxn yield?

A

characteristic radiation

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8
Q

what are the three products of the photoelectric effect?

A

photoelectron
characteristic radiation
positive ion

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9
Q

when is the PE rxn most likely to occur?

A

when the photon energy and electron BE are the same

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10
Q

for the Compton effect, what does a greater angle mean for energy? what happens when it hits the film?

A

less energy

the film darkens

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11
Q

what are the 4 factors that affect attenuation?

A

kilovoltage, inverse (decrease)
density, increase
atomic number, increase
electrons per gram of tissue, increase

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12
Q

why do we use the polyenergetic attenuation?

A

increase the beam quality you increase the beam hardening

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13
Q

name this definition:

measures the amount of radiation energy (E) absorbed per unit mass (M) of the absorbing medium

A

absorbed dose

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14
Q

what is the equation of the absorbed dose? units?

A

D=E/M

gray (Gy)
1 Gy=100 rads
1 rad=10 mGy

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15
Q

name this defn?

energy absorbed by the medium per unit length of travel

proportional to (particle charge) squared

inversely related to _____?

A

linear energy transfer (LET)

kinetic energy

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16
Q

what are the high linear energy transfer particles?

high or low penetrative

A

protons, neutrons, alpha particles

low

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17
Q

what are the low linear energy transfer particles?

high or low penetrative

A

photons, electrons, gamma and x-rays

high

18
Q

name this definition?

attempts to quantify biologic damage from deposition of radiation in tissues

A

dose equivalent

19
Q

what is the equation for dose equivalent (H)?

what are the units?

for this, the QF is measured in rads, what does this equal?

A

absorbed dose x quality factor

sievert
1 Sv=100 rem
1 rem=10 mSv

1 rem

20
Q

heavily irradiated areas turn what color?

complete attenuation?

partial attenuation?

A

black

clear

gray

21
Q

what are the layers of the film?

what is the affect of leaving in the film to develop for too long?

A

supercoat
emulsion layer
adhesive layer
film base

it turns everything black

22
Q

sensitivity speck is found in which layer of the film? the emulsive layer is made of what and how? the sensitivity speck is what surface defect?

A

emulsive layer

silver halide with a cubic internal arrangement

AgS surface defect

23
Q

the total fix time equals _____? (for the fixing bath)

A

2x clearing time

24
Q

for processing temp, what are they for manual and automatic?

affect if temperature is too high?

A

68 degrees F

90-95 degrees F

film fog and overdevelopment

25
Q

in the processing of film, what are the brown stains called that develop due to the wash problems or excessive fixing problems?

black film?

clear film?

A

chromatic stains

overdevelopment

clear film

26
Q

processing time for auto vs manual?

A

auto is 90 sec

manual is 1 hour

27
Q

what are the general considerations for handling film?

A 
improper handling
heat and humidity 
light
radiation
shelf life
28
Q

because film is pressure sensitive, what should we avoid?

A

creasing film
rough handling of films/screens
dirt on hands

29
Q

aging of film fog results in? how to prevent this?

A

loss of speed and contrast
film age fog

store the boxes upright to minimize film warping and sticking together

30
Q

what are the primary function of intensifying screens?

A

shorter exposure times

31
Q

advantages of screen-film advantages?

A

exposure w/o screen is sharpest but long exposures are unsafe and increase chance of patient motion

decrease tube mA and exposure times

decrease tube heat and increase tube life

32
Q

what are the intensifying screens made of?

A

made of plastic or cardboard

reflective or absorptive layer

phosphor layer

protective plastic cover layer

33
Q

typical intensifying screens range from what?

screen speed increases with?

A

30-50

  • 2x screen
  • increased thickness of phosphor film
  • increased phosphor crystals
  • reflective backing
34
Q

speed of calcium tungstate is inversely related to_____? so higher speed means?

A

ability to record detail

less detail

35
Q

why are rare earth screens better than calcium tungstate?

A

light conversion efficiency of the rare earth phosphors is greater

36
Q

what is the green-sensitive film also called?

blue sensitive requires what safelite?

green sensitive requires what safelite?

A

orthochromatic film

amber safelite

red safelite

37
Q

what are the two types of basic films?

thin emulsion, enhanced light sensitivity

thick emulsion, enhanced x-ray sensitivity

A

screen films
non-screen films

screen films

non-screen films

38
Q

name this type of film?

enhanced light sensitivity, higher contrast, short grey scale and latitude

A

screen film

39
Q

name this type of film?

exposed directly without screens

thicker emulsion than screen film

lower contrast, long grey scale and latitude

greater detail than screen film, but requires 20-50 times more exposure

A

non-screen film

40
Q

what side of the fluoroscope should the physician stand?

A

image intensifier

KSUCPM IMAGING (42 decks)

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