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Cognitive Psychology > Middle adulthood Developmental psych > Flashcards

Middle adulthood Developmental psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe what happens to white matter volume in middle adulthood

A

White matter volume peaks during middle adulthood

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2
Q

Describe what happens to grey matter volume in middle adulthood

A

grey matter volume continues its decline that began in childhood and does not level off until about age 60

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3
Q

Are more synapses lost or formed during middle adulthood?

A

New synapses are continuing to form in middle age, but unlike in the younger years, more synapses are lost than are formed

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4
Q

What is the general rule for brain maturation?

A

the areas of the brain that develop last are the ones that begin to decline first, namely areas located within the frontal and parietal lobes

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5
Q

T or F
middle-aged adults perform the same if not better than their younger counterparts

A

T

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6
Q

What is climacteric?

A

the years of middle or late adulthood in both men and women during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost

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7
Q

what is the years of middle or late adulthood in both men and women during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost called?

A

Climacteric

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8
Q

What is male climacteric

A
  • climacteric is extremely gradual with slow loss of reproductive capacity
    -very slow drop in testosterone
    -lifestyles changes/ medication may restore sexual function
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9
Q

What is menopause?

A

-The loss of monthly menstrual cycles in middle-ages women
-Occurs late 40s early 50s
-menopause hormone therapy can reduce reduce physical symptoms and effects of menopause

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10
Q

What are the three stages of menopause?

A

Premenopausal
Perimenopausal
Postmenopausal

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11
Q

Describe each stage of menopause

A

Premenopausal: estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur

Perimenopausal: estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience symptoms such as hot flashes

Postmenopausal: a woman is postmenopausal when she has had no menstrual periods for a year or more

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12
Q

List some physical changes during middle adulthood.

A

Skeletal (osteoporosis): consequence of loss of bone density is risk to fractures

Vision (Presbyopia); Normal loss of visual acuity with aging, especially the ability to focus the eyes on near objects

Hearing Presbycusis: Normal loss of hearing with aging, especially of high-frequency or very low-frequency tones
This progresses more slowly than presbyopia
Hearing loss accelerates after age 55

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13
Q

what single variable affects the quality of life in middle and late adulthood the most?

A

health

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14
Q

What is the leading cause of death in middle adulthood and old age in Canada?

A

Cancer

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15
Q

Men vs women, what is the lifetime probability in Canada for developing cancer

A

50% for men and 46% for women

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16
Q

Men vs women, what is the probability of dying from cancer?

A

29% for men and 24% for women

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17
Q

What cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths in Canada?

A

Lung

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18
Q

What does cancer share similar risk factors with?

A

CVD

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19
Q

List 2 examples of infectious agents that cause cancers

A

HPV
Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B and C, Helicobacter pylori bacteria

20
Q

What is CVD

A

variety of physical problems, especially in the arteries

21
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing of the arteries caused by deposits deposits of a fatty substance called plaque

22
Q

What can impact the risk of CVD?

A

Personality traits (type A, type D)

23
Q

What are cognitive functioning patterns in middle adult life?

A

With increasing age, a high level of functioning requires more and more effort, until eventually every adult reaches a point at which even maximum effort will no longer maintain peak function

24
Q

Describe what Selective optimization with compensation is

A

the process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging

25
Q

What does optimize and compensation and selection mean in Selective optimization with compensation?

A

Optimize the skills that can be improved by exercising them as much as possible

Use compensatory strategies to offset the effects of aging

Reduce distractions to more efficiently carry out a cognitive task (selection)

26
Q

Changes in memory in middle adulthood are?

A
  • Memory task performance declines after 55

-Recognition of words and texts appears to remain stable throughout adulthood

-Short-term memory capacity is stable

-The ability to use short-term memory efficiently changes

27
Q

Semantic vs episodic memory in middle adulthood

A

-episodic memory (the ability to re-experience personal events) slows with age

But NOT

-semantic memory (general knowledge of the world, facts, and the meaning of words)

28
Q

What do middle aged adults do to overcome episodic memory limitations

A

Use reminders, or cues, to help themselves remember information

29
Q

What abilities increase in middle age and do not begin to decline until about age 65?

A

Verbal

30
Q

How do adults maintain or gain skills on any task

A

By practising it often or having it based on specific learning!

31
Q

What are developmental milestones according to Erikson during middle adulthood

A

Generativity vs stagnation stage : Middle-aged adults find meaning in contributing to the development of younger individuals

32
Q

What is generativity?

A

A sense that one is making a valuable contribution to society by bringing up children or mentoring younger people

33
Q

List the 5 life pathways that adults follow through to their 50s

A
  • Meandering way
    -Straight and narrow path
    -Downward slope
    -Triumphant Trail
    -Authentic Road
34
Q

What is the meandering way pathway?

A

low sense of identity, feel lost

35
Q

What is the Straight and narrow path?

A

predictable, low risk

36
Q

What is the The Downward Slope

A

regrettable decisions

37
Q

What is the The Triumphant Trail

A

early life challenges = resilience

38
Q

What is The Authentic Road

A
  • self-examination and redirection to get back on a track toward a strong sense of purpose and satisfaction
39
Q

What is the strain experienced by an individual whose own qualities or skills do not measure up to the demands of some role

A

Role strain

40
Q

: any situation in which two or more roles are at least partially incompatible is called what?

A

Role conflict

41
Q

What is skilled diplomacy?

A

a problem-solving approach that involves the confrontation of the spouse about an issue, followed by a period during which the confronting spouse works to restore harmony

42
Q

What is an effective skill for marital problem-solving no matter which spouse uses it

A

Skilled diplomacy

43
Q

middle-aged adults who are caring both for elderly parents and young children at the same time is called what?

A

Sandwich Generation

44
Q

What % of Canadians are in position of Sandwich Generation

A

30%

45
Q

Slightly more than half of those caring for seniors reported experiencing a variety of difficulties and challenges what is this term called?

A

caregiver burden

46
Q

What are the 3 styles of grandparenting?

A

-Companionate relationship
-Remote relationship
-Involved relationship

47
Q

Describe the 3 styles of grandparenting?

A

Companionate relationships: most common pattern; grandparents have frequent contact and warm interactions with grandchildren

Remote relationships: second most common pattern; grandparents do not see their grandchildren often

Involved relationships: least common pattern; grandparents are directly involved in the everyday care of grandchildren or have close emotional ties with them

Cognitive Psychology (19 decks)

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