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Cognitive Psychology > Developmental Psychology Lecture 2-Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Lecture 2-Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

Apart from prenatal development, the greatest degree of physical change occurs when?

A

During the first 2 years of life

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2
Q

Synaptogenesis:

A

Formation of connections (synapse) among neurons
Proceeds rapidly during the brain growth spurt

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3
Q

Synaptic Pruning:

A

Refinement and elimination of neurons
Begins near the time of birth and completed near end of sexual maturation

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4
Q

Plasticity:

A

Capacity for changes; a developmental state that has the potential to be shaped by experience

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5
Q

Myelination:

A

Is the process by which neurons are enclosed in waxy myelin sheaths that will facilitate the transmission of neural impulses (creates efficiency!!!)

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6
Q

What parts of the brain develop first?

A

The lower subcortical brain regions (primitive areas and regions)

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7
Q

What parts of brain develop last?

A

Higher order functions, things that control executive functioning (pre frontal cortex) develop last

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8
Q

By 6 months what happens to infants brain?

A

primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex directs most of the infant’s movements
Inborn responses disappear by now (palmar grasp)

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9
Q

What are newborn reflexes?

A

Involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli

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10
Q

What are survival Reflexes:

A

Help newborns survive
Some survival reflexes disappear in infancy or childhood but others persist throughout life (swallowing)

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11
Q

What are primitive reflexes?

A

Are controlled by primitive parts of the brain
Disappear by about 6 months of age - not being used as much
Babinski, palmer

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12
Q

Cries

A

Basic Cry
Angry Cry
Pain Cry

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13
Q

Does picking up your baby when they cry reduce amount of crying later on?

A

YES

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14
Q

Colic:

A

An infant behavior pattern of unknown cause, involving intense daily bouts of crying, totalling 3 or more hours a day for several months

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15
Q

What is prenatal bone structure like?

A

soft cartilage that gradually hardens into bony material (ossification)

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16
Q

What is bone structure like at birth?

A

most of infant’s bones are soft, pliable and difficult to break

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17
Q

When is a child’s skull formed?

A

by age 2 will pliable points (sutures)

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18
Q

Locomotor skills (gross motor)-

A

crawling

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19
Q

Manipulative Skills (fine motor control)-

A

use of hands and fingers

20
Q

When should routine immunization check-up commence

A

2 months

21
Q

What is sensation

A

A mental process resulting from the external information experienced through the sensory organs and transmitted to the brain

22
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation of sensory input

22
Q

What is Visual Acuity:

A

How well one can see details at a distance

22
Q

What is babies visual acuity compared to adults?

A

40 times worse but reach adult visual acuity at around age 7
Prefer to have moderately complex patterns

23
Q

Tracking?

A

The ability to track and follow a moving object

24
Q

Color vision

A

Very similar to adults

25
Q

Which sense is best developed of them all in infants?

A

Touch and Motion

26
Q

3 different methods researchers will use to look at perceptual skills

A

Preference Technique
Habituation/dishabituation
operant conditioning

27
Q

Stereopsis

A

Depth perception:
by 3 months of age (both eyes come together to create one image)

28
Q

What is sleeper effect?

A

When early experience is lacking, visual capability fails to develop normally many years later

29
Q

what is Intermodal Perception:

A

(reaching behind back into bag example in class)
Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from 2 or more sense (seen later on in infant development)

30
Q

Cross-Modal Transfer:

A

The transfer of information from one sense to another

31
Q

Who influenced study of cognitive development?

A

Piaget

32
Q

The majority of neurons a person has are formed by when?

A

Most neurons are formed by second trimester before brain growth spurt

33
Q

Jamie has brown eyes even though one of his biological parents has blue eyes. Genes for blue eyes are part of Jamie’s:
genotype
phenotype
genotype and phenotype
cannot be determined from the information given

A

genotype

34
Q

According to the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, _____ shape our responses to new information.

A

Schemes

35
Q

Intermodal perception is the formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from two or more senses
T
F

A

T

36
Q

Early development of brain

A

Synaptogenesis
Synaptic pruning
Plasticity

37
Q

Schemas:

A

The organization of experiences into expectancies, or “known” combinations
Schematic learning involves categories
Behaviors are schemes that we are constantly adapting and adjusting to be more complicated and more complex

38
Q

Milestones of sensorimotor stage

A
  1. Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month) newborn reflexes
    2.Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) Simple motor habits centers around own body
    3.Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) Repeat interesting effects in soundings
    4.Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months) Intentional, goal-directed behavior
  2. Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months) Explore properties of objects through novel actions
    6.Mental Representations (18 months-2 years) Internal depictions of objects or events;defferd limitation
39
Q

When do babies start to develop imitation

A

During the tertiary circular reactions

40
Q

Main milestones of sensorimotor stage

A

Imitation
Object permenance
(Invisible displacement)

41
Q

When do young kids develop object permenance?

A

by around 2 years old

42
Q

What would a behaviorist think about language

A

That it is learned through reinforcement

43
Q

What would a natavist think about language

A

language acquisition device, born with it

44
Q

What would aninteractionist think about language

A

That it involves both nature and nurture

45
Q

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A

simplified, higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children

Cognitive Psychology (19 decks)

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