Development in Adolescence Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is Puberty?
Puberty is a process experienced by all children that propels the in the direction of physical and sexual maturity
During puberty what happens?
children grow taller and stronger
Develop secondary sex characteristics
Experience a wide range of personal and social impacts
What are the most crucial elements of puberty?
are the glands that make up the endocrine system
Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream
What are gonads?
ovaries in F, testes in M
are the major source of sex hormones estrogen and androgen
What does HPG axis stand for?
hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads
What does the HPG form?
The feedback loop
Explain HPG axis and negative feedback?
If the level of sex hormones is too low, the hypothalamus sends a substance called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the pituitary
Pituitary produces more luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
When LH and FSH reach the gonads, they increase production of sex hormone
As gonads produce and release more sex hormones, the hypothalamus monitors the rising levels
When the level reaches the set point, the hypothalamus lowers production of GnRH, which signals to the pituitary to stop producing LH and FSH
In turn, the gonads reduce production of sex hormones
During growth spurt, how much does a girl vs a boy grow in height every year?
girls 8 cm and guys 9 cm
How much sooner do girls finish their growth spurt compared to guys?
2 years
When does a girls growth spurt start and when does a boys start
girls : 10 peak at 12
boys: 12 peak at 14
What is the average age of menarche in Canada?
13, has decreased since the 20th century
Why has the age of menarche decreased over the years?
Heredity (reaction range)
Environmental factors
Social and psychological factors
Throughout the world the age of menarche is linked to what?
Social class
Menarche and the secular trend?
Puberty is starting earlier for boys and girls now compared to 100 years ago
3 effects of puberty timing
Deviance hypotheses
Stage Termination Hypothesis
Adult Resemblance Hypothesis
What is Adult Resemblance Hypothesis
The idea that young adolescents who seem more adult-like will be treated more as adults, for better or worse
What is Deviance hypotheses
The idea that those who enter puberty at a time noticeable different from their peers will be negatively affected
What is Stage Termination Hypothesis
The idea that girls who enter puberty early suffer because they did not have time to accomplish the normal tasks of childhood
When does teen pregnancy occurs more often ?
if sexual activity begins earlier
unstable family environment
if mother had children early
What one of Erikson’s stages is involved in adolescence?
Identity vs role confusion: the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles is what?
Identity
According to James Marcia, adolescent identity formation has two key parts what are they?
a crisis and a commitment
Identity formation can impact social relationships or vice versa who agrees with this?
James Marcia
What is a crisis?
Crisis: a period of decision making when old values and choices are re-examined
Four different identity statuses are possible in Marcias model: what are they
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity diffusion
Explain Identity achievement
The person has been through a crisis and has reached a comittment to ideological, occupational, or other goals
Explain Moratorium
The identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no comittment
Explain Foreclosure
The identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis: the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
Explain Identity diffusion
The identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
Adultification:
the process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities (Immigrant and Indigenous youth, experience parental divorce, mental health problems, alcohol-substance abuse, and/or violence)
What factors impact self esteem
school
self
relationships
Lifestyle
achievements
Experiences
Gender-role identity is what?
the gender-related aspects of the psychological self
What is Piaget’s 4th stage?
Formal operational stage: adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
Egocentrism may reveal itself in 2 ways, what are they?
Imaginary audience
Personal fable (no one understands me!!!)
Working more than how many hours per week is detrimental to high school students’ grades and increases personal stress
15 to 20
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
Bulimia:
Anorexia nervosa:
an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
Strategies to improve youth mental health
Early identification
Intervention
foster resilience
systematic problem-solving
￭ The ability to search methodically for the answers to a problem
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning:
the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
Naïve idealism:
a mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world
