Developmental Psychology Lecture 2-Prenatal Development & Birth Flashcards
What is conception?
The first step in the development of an individual human being happens at conception, when each of us receives a combination of genes that will shape our experiences throughout the rest of our lives
What is the definition of pregnancy?
Pregnancy is a physical condition in which a woman’s body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus
Begins when the zygote implants itself in the lining of the woman’s uterus
What is implantation?
During fertilization the egg and sperm unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form the zygote. The zygote then travels down the tube
What is the start of the real pregnancy journey?
Implantation
What is gestation or prenatal development?
The process that transforms a zygote into a newborn
when does first trimester happen?
First day of LMP to 12 weeks after LMP
First trimester events, prenatal care and serious problems?
Events: Missed period, large breasts, abdominal thickening
Prenatal care: confirmation of pregnancy, calculation of due date, blood/urine tests
Serious Problems: Ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine/blood tests, malnutrition
Second trimester events, prenatal care and serious problems?
Events: Weight gain “showing”, fetal movements felt, hungry
Prenatal care: monthly doctor visits, ultrasound
Serious Problems: Gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, increased blood pressure
When does second trimester occur?
From 12 weeks after LMP to 24 weeks after LMP
Third trimester events, prenatal care and serious problems?
Events: weight gain, breast discharge
Prenatal care: weekly visits beginning at 32nd week, ultrasound to assess position of fetus
Serious Problems: Increased blood pressure, bleeding
When is third trimester?
from 25 weeks after LMP to beginning of labor
Which period shows the most rapid change across the entire human lifespan
Prenatal period
What is Cephalocaudal pattern?
Development that proceeds from the head downward
What is Proximodistal pattern?
Development that proceeds from the middle of the body outward
What are the 3 major phases of prenatal development?
- Period of the zygote
- Period of the embryo
- Period of fetus
How long does each phase last in prenatal development?
- 14 days
- beginning of third week through to the end of the 8th
- Nine weeks of pregnancy until child is born
Which period of prenatal development is the shortest and which is the longest
Period of the zygote is the shortest period and the fetal stage is the longest period
What is the critical period?
Period of the embryo when a lot of important support structures are being made
Development of support systems for period of the zygote.
Amnion (amniotic fluid)→ amniotic sac; support structure for zygote itself,
Chorian→ eventually develops into placenta; provide exchange of gasses and nutrients with baby
Placenta → exchange of oxygen and nutrients
Umbilical Cord→ Waste removal
What is the ectoderm?
Will become nervous system (spinal cord/brain), skin, hair
What is the Mesoderm?
Will become muscles,bones,circulatory system
What is the Endoderm?
Will become digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, other vital organs
Rudimentary skeleton and ears are formed and the brain is developing rapidly
When does period of the fetus occur?
Last 7 months of pregnancy
The period of the fetus
Last seven months of pregnancy
Period of rapid growth and refinement of all organ systems
Individual characteristics emerge (movement/facial expressions)
Survival outside uterus possible (22-28 weeks, age of viability)
What is age of viability?
When the baby can live outside of the womb 22-28 weeks
What is the process called when the pace of neural formation picks up dramatically between the 10-18 weeks
Neuronal Proliferation
What is neuronal proliferation
When the pace of neural formation picks up dramatically between the 10th and 18th week
What signals the development of gonads (sex chromosomes)
androgens
Autosomal Disorder vs Sex linked Disorder?
Autosomal: on one of the 22 pairs of non sex chromosomes
Sex linked: 23rd, on the sex chromosomes
Is Trisomy a sex linked disorder or autosomal disorder?
It is a autosomal disorder because the child has three copies of a specific autosome
What is Trisomy?
Is a condition in which a child has three copies of a specific autosome
Which abnormality is sex linked?
a. trisomy
b.sickle-cell disease
c.High blood pressure
d. Klinefelter
d
List some example of sex linked disorders
Klinefelter, Turner, Fragile X syndrome, Hemophilia, Red-green color blindness, night blindness
Which disorder is autosomal linked?
a. Turner
b. Klinefelter
c. missing front teeth
d. Albinism
d
List some example of autosomal disorders
Huntington’s, high blood pressure, extra fingers, sickle-cell disease, albinism
What is turner syndrome?
sex linked disorder
XO
short stature, low hairline
What is Klinefelter?
sex linked disorder
XXY
Tall stature
feminized physique
What is Congenital Anomaly?
An abnormality present at birth
What are teratogens?
Environmental agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, radiation that can harm developing fetus
What is the Most Common Preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in Canada and Worldwide?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FASD
What are 2 birth complications?
- Anoxia
- Low birth-weight
preterm and small-for-date
What is anoxia?
Oxygen deprivation experiences by fetus during delivery (e.g. umbilical cord)
More likely to happen in breach position
RH factors mismatch
What raises risks of anoxia?
1.there is much higher risk of anoxia if RH negative mother with RH positive baby
2. Breech position
What is low for birth weight?
(<2500 g)
Two types
Preterm:Born 3+ weeks before due date
Small-for-date:Regardless of gestational age, has experiences slow growth and is seriously underweight, higher risk than preterm
