Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 5 Flashcards
What may be linked to the striking improvements of fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination in middle childhood?
Increases in the myelination of neural axons across the cerebral cortex. Sensory and motor areas are affected first
True or False? The physical changes of middle childhood are just as impressive as those of early childhood
True
During middle childhood, what areas of the brain have an increase in myelination?
Cerebral cortex: frontal lobe (logic and planning)
Reticular formation (controls attention - selective attention becomes possible)
Association areas (sensory, motor, intellectual functions): increases information processing speed
What leads to increased spatial perception in middle childhood?
Right hemisphere lateralization contributes to
increased spatial perception (relative right-left orientation improves)
What vaccine is needed in middle childhood if it is missed infancy?
Hepatitis B
What are risk factors for predicting excessive weight gain in childhood?
⚬Overweight parent(s) (i.e., genetic
predisposition)
⚬Environment that promotes overeating or low activity
⚬ Large size for gestational age at birth
⚬ Early onset of being overweight (age 5 and
under)
When ages do children acquire some of the
important hallmarks of mature thinking
between 6 and 12
According to Piaget, what stage are you in during middle childhood?
Concrete operations stage
What is Piagets concrete operations stage?
⚬ Children use schemes to think logically
about objects and events in the real world
in this stage
⚬ Decentration (child understands that a person may not like the same things they do)
⚬ Reversibility (some things that have been changed can be returned to original state)
⚬ Increased skill in inductive logic allows the child
to go from a specific experience to a general
principle
⚬ Deductive logic (predicting a specific outcome
from a general principle) is still not strong
⚬ Class inclusion: the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes.
Bananas are included in the class of fruit,
and fruit is included in the class of food, and
so forth
What is Inductive reasoning
the act of making generalized conclusions based off of specific scenarios
What is deductive reasoning?
The act of backing up a generalized statement with specific scenarios
List an example of Inductive reasoning
Determining when you should leave for work based on traffic patterns
Changing a meeting time or format based on participant energy levels
List an example of deductive reasoning
Developing a marketing plan that will be effective for a specific audience
Determining the most efficient ways to communicate with clients
Automaticity?
The ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity is achieved through practice
Frees up short-term memory space for more complex processing
What is class inclusion?
the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes.
Bananas are included in the class of fruit,
and fruit is included in the class of food, and
so forth
Memory strategies used in middle childhood
- Rehearsal : mental or vocal repetition
- Organization : grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters to help in remembering them
- Elaboration : Finding shared meaning or a common referent for 2 or more things that need to be remembered
- Mnemonic : A device to assist memory “every good boy does fine”
- Systematic searching : Scanning ones memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might be found
What age do children master the basic grammar and pronunciation of their native language
5-6
one of the most important influences on the cognitive development of 6- to 12-year-olds is?
Formal education
what is the focus of education in the 6- to 12-year-old period
Literacy: reading and writing
Phonics
matching the sounds of spoken English with individual letters or groups of letters
How to measure and predict achievement
Achievement test:
Assessment:
Evaluation:
Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
Many separate, independent “frames of mind”, not just a single intelligence that could be measured by one IQ test, but multiple intelligences — many ways of learning and knowing.
What are Gardners 8 intelligences?
Visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, Logical-mathematical, musical, naturalistic, body-kinesthetic
Daniel Goleman’s theory of emotional intelligence has 3 components, what are they?
Awareness of our own emotions
The ability to express our emotions appropriately
The capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals
What is the definition of a learning disability?
a disorder in which a child has difficulty in attaining a specific academic skill, despite possessing average to above-average intelligence and is not primarily due to physical or sensory handicaps
Interventions to learning disabilities?
early identification, timely assessment, provision of specific skills, accommodations, self-advocacy, and coping strategies
What does ADHD stand for?
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Causes of ADHD?
complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors that are unique to the specific child
Risk factors to ADHD
Brain injury, exposure to teratogens, parenting styles, peer relations, stressors, family instability, family mental health
What are the 3 types of ADHD?
The hyperactive-impulsive: in which a high activity level is the main problem (uncommon)
inattentive : an inability to sustain attention is the major difficulty
The combined type which presents symptoms from both
List some symptoms of ADHD
On many kinds of attention tasks, children with ADHD do not differ at all from normal children
Display more sleep problems
Higher activity level
low Lower ability to sustain attention
Lower ability to control impulse
Stimulant medications, like methylphenidate (Ritalin) may reduce children’s activity levels, control impulses and improve social behaviour, what is this for?
ADHD
the fourth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, during which children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks is?
Industry versus inferiority stage:
List The Big Five Personality Traits
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
personal, behavioural, and environmental factors interact in a pattern he termed what?
reciprocal determinism
What are 2 new components of the self in middle childhood ?
Psychological self:
Self-esteem (e.g., valued self)
What is psychological self?
an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits and self-judgements of competency
What is Self-esteem (e.g., valued self)?
is the global evaluation of one’s own self worth
Self-efficacy
is an individual’s belief in their capacity to cause an intended event to occur
What is Piaget’s moral reasoning theory?
Moral realism stage: : children believe rules are inflexible
Moral relativism stage: children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement
What are 2 types of aggression?
Relational aggression: : aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships, such as by ostracism or threats of ostracism, cruel gossiping, or facial expressions of disdain
Retaliatory aggression: aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Retaliatory aggression increases during middle childhood due to children’s growing understanding of the difference between intentional and accidental actions
Researchers describe social status in 3 main groups what are they
popular, rejected, and neglected
Self-care children:
children who are at home by themselves after school for an hour or more each day
