Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 5

Question 1

What may be linked to the striking improvements of fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination in middle childhood?

Answer 1

Increases in the myelination of neural axons across the cerebral cortex. Sensory and motor areas are affected first

Question 1

True or False? The physical changes of middle childhood are just as impressive as those of early childhood

Answer 1

True

Question 2

During middle childhood, what areas of the brain have an increase in myelination?

Answer 2

Cerebral cortex: frontal lobe (logic and planning)
Reticular formation (controls attention - selective attention becomes possible)
Association areas (sensory, motor, intellectual functions): increases information processing speed

Question 3

What leads to increased spatial perception in middle childhood?

Answer 3

Right hemisphere lateralization contributes to
increased spatial perception (relative right-left orientation improves)

Question 4

What vaccine is needed in middle childhood if it is missed infancy?

Answer 4

Hepatitis B

Question 5

What are risk factors for predicting excessive weight gain in childhood?

Answer 5

⚬Overweight parent(s) (i.e., genetic
predisposition)
⚬Environment that promotes overeating or low activity
⚬ Large size for gestational age at birth
⚬ Early onset of being overweight (age 5 and
under)

Question 6

When ages do children acquire some of the
important hallmarks of mature thinking

Answer 6

between 6 and 12

Question 7

According to Piaget, what stage are you in during middle childhood?

Answer 7

Concrete operations stage

Question 8

What is Piagets concrete operations stage?

Answer 8

⚬ Children use schemes to think logically
about objects and events in the real world
in this stage
⚬ Decentration (child understands that a person may not like the same things they do)
⚬ Reversibility (some things that have been changed can be returned to original state)
⚬ Increased skill in inductive logic allows the child
to go from a specific experience to a general
principle
⚬ Deductive logic (predicting a specific outcome
from a general principle) is still not strong
⚬ Class inclusion: the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes.
Bananas are included in the class of fruit,
and fruit is included in the class of food, and
so forth

Question 9

What is Inductive reasoning

Answer 9

the act of making generalized conclusions based off of specific scenarios

Question 10

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 10

The act of backing up a generalized statement with specific scenarios

Question 11

List an example of Inductive reasoning

Answer 11

Determining when you should leave for work based on traffic patterns
Changing a meeting time or format based on participant energy levels

Question 12

List an example of deductive reasoning

Answer 12

Developing a marketing plan that will be effective for a specific audience
Determining the most efficient ways to communicate with clients

Question 13

Automaticity?

Answer 13

The ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity is achieved through practice
Frees up short-term memory space for more complex processing

Question 14

What is class inclusion?

Answer 14

the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes.
Bananas are included in the class of fruit,
and fruit is included in the class of food, and
so forth

Question 15

Memory strategies used in middle childhood

Answer 15

1. Rehearsal : mental or vocal repetition
2. Organization : grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters to help in remembering them
3. Elaboration : Finding shared meaning or a common referent for 2 or more things that need to be remembered
4. Mnemonic : A device to assist memory “every good boy does fine”
5. Systematic searching : Scanning ones memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might be found

Question 16

What age do children master the basic grammar and pronunciation of their native language

Answer 16

5-6

Question 17

one of the most important influences on the cognitive development of 6- to 12-year-olds is?

Answer 17

Formal education

Question 18

what is the focus of education in the 6- to 12-year-old period

Answer 18

Literacy: reading and writing

Question 19

Phonics

Answer 19

matching the sounds of spoken English with individual letters or groups of letters

Question 20

How to measure and predict achievement

Answer 20

Achievement test:
Assessment:
Evaluation:

Question 21

Gardners theory of multiple intelligence

Answer 21

Many separate, independent “frames of mind”, not just a single intelligence that could be measured by one IQ test, but multiple intelligences — many ways of learning and knowing.

Question 22

What are Gardners 8 intelligences?

Answer 22

Visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, Logical-mathematical, musical, naturalistic, body-kinesthetic

Question 23

Daniel Goleman’s theory of emotional intelligence has 3 components, what are they?

Answer 23

Awareness of our own emotions
The ability to express our emotions appropriately
The capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals

Question 24

What is the definition of a learning disability?

Answer 24

a disorder in which a child has difficulty in attaining a specific academic skill, despite possessing average to above-average intelligence and is not primarily due to physical or sensory handicaps

Question 25

Interventions to learning disabilities?

Answer 25

early identification, timely assessment, provision of specific skills, accommodations, self-advocacy, and coping strategies

Question 26

What does ADHD stand for?

Answer 26

ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Question 27

Causes of ADHD?

Answer 27

complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors that are unique to the specific child

Question 28

Risk factors to ADHD

Answer 28

Brain injury, exposure to teratogens, parenting styles, peer relations, stressors, family instability, family mental health

Question 29

What are the 3 types of ADHD?

Answer 29

The hyperactive-impulsive: in which a high activity level is the main problem (uncommon)
inattentive : an inability to sustain attention is the major difficulty
The combined type which presents symptoms from both

Question 30

List some symptoms of ADHD

Answer 30

On many kinds of attention tasks, children with ADHD do not differ at all from normal children
Display more sleep problems
Higher activity level
low Lower ability to sustain attention
Lower ability to control impulse

Question 31

Stimulant medications, like methylphenidate (Ritalin) may reduce children’s activity levels, control impulses and improve social behaviour, what is this for?

Answer 31

ADHD

Question 32

the fourth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, during which children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks is?

Answer 32

Industry versus inferiority stage:

Question 33

List The Big Five Personality Traits

Answer 33

Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness

Question 34

personal, behavioural, and environmental factors interact in a pattern he termed what?

Answer 34

reciprocal determinism

Question 35

What are 2 new components of the self in middle childhood ?

Answer 35

Psychological self:
Self-esteem (e.g., valued self)

Question 36

What is psychological self?

Answer 36

an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits and self-judgements of competency

Question 37

What is Self-esteem (e.g., valued self)?

Answer 37

is the global evaluation of one’s own self worth

Question 38

Self-efficacy

Answer 38

is an individual’s belief in their capacity to cause an intended event to occur

Question 39

What is Piaget’s moral reasoning theory?

Answer 39

Moral realism stage: : children believe rules are inflexible
Moral relativism stage: children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement

Question 40

What are 2 types of aggression?

Answer 40

Relational aggression: : aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships, such as by ostracism or threats of ostracism, cruel gossiping, or facial expressions of disdain

Retaliatory aggression: aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Retaliatory aggression increases during middle childhood due to children’s growing understanding of the difference between intentional and accidental actions

Question 41

Researchers describe social status in 3 main groups what are they

Answer 41

popular, rejected, and neglected

Question 42

Self-care children:

Answer 42

children who are at home by themselves after school for an hour or more each day