MICROSCOPESHIT Flashcards
a group of photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen.
algae & cyanobacteria
using genetically engineered microbes to decompose wastes is called what
bioremediation
these microbes serve as the starting point of many food chains
plankton
tiny marine plants are called
phytoplankton
tiny marine animals are
zooplankton
e coli bacteria lives in the intestinal tract producing what kind of vitamins
Vitamin K and B12
The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes
Biotechnology
insulin, growth hormones, interferons and vaccines are under what type of process
genetic engineering
microbes cause 2 categories of disease:
Infectious and microbial intoxication
results when a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes disease.
infectious disease
results when a person ingests a toxin poisonous substance that has been produced by a microbe.
microbial intoxication
tiny living crea-
tures, which leeuwnhoek first called
Animacules
who created single lens microscopes
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
the wife of another of Koch’s colleagues who
suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent.
Frau Hesse
refers to a condition in which only one type of organism is growing on a solid culture medium or in a liquid culture medium in the labora-
tory;
Pure culture
an experimental procedure to prove that a specific microbe is the cause of a specific infectious disease.
Koch’s Postulates
a term wherein a pathogen can only survive and multiply within living host cells.
obligate intracellular pathogens or obligate intracellular parasites
diseases caused not by one particular microbe, but by the combined effects of two or more different microbes.
synergistic infections
the field of ____ study the various types of algae
phycology
what is the study of fungi?
mycology
these scientist can become genetic engineers who transfer genetic material DNA from one cell type to another.
Virologist
concerned with the laboratory
diagnosis of infectious diseases of humans.
clinical microbiology
Rudolf Virchow is given credit for proposing which
of the following theories?
biogenesis
Which of the following microbes are considered obligate intracellular pathogens?
a. chlamydias, rickettsias, M. leprae, and T. pallidum
b. M. leprae and T. pallidum
c. M. tuberculosis and viruses
d. rickettsias, chlamydias, and viruses
a
The field of parasitology involves the study of which
of the following types of organisms?
a. arthropods, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
b. arthropods, helminths, and certain protozoa
c. bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
d. bacteria, fungi, and viruses
b
Which of the following are even smaller than
viruses?
a. chlamydias
b. prions and viroids
c. rickettsias
d. cyanobacteria
b
The sizes of bacteria and
protozoa are usually expressed
in terms of
micrometers
the sizes of viruses are
expressed in
nanometers
red blood cells are about
7micro meter in diamater
spherical bacterium is called
Coccus / cocci
A typical rod-shaped bacterium
bacillus
the sizes of cellular mi-
crobes are measured using an
ocular micrometer
instruments has a limit as to what can be seen This limit is referred to as
resolving power / resolution
is one of the smallest viruses that infect humans.
poliovirus
defined as a microscope containing only one magnifying lens.
simple microscope
is a microscope that contains more
than one magnifying lens.
compound microscope
first person to
construct and use a compound
microscope
Hans Jansen and his
son Zacharias
Photographs taken through the lens system of compound microscopes are called
photomicrographs
It is the wavelength of visible light that limits the size of objects
compound light microscope
Within the eyepiece or ocular is a lens
called the
ocular lens
Total magnification of
the compound light
microscope is calculated
by:
multiply magnifying power of ocular lens to magnifying power of objetive being used
The four objectives
used in most laboratory compound light microscopes are
x4, 10, 40 & 100
total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnifying power of the ocular by times?
(X10)
Usually, specimens are first observed using the TIMES?
X10
how much magnification must be used to study bacteria?
X1000
focuses light onto the specimen, adjusts the amount of light, and shapes the cone of light entering the objective.
condenser
Generally, the higher the
magnification,
the more light is needed
Image clarity depends on the microscope’s which is the ability of the lens
system to distinguish between two adjacent objects.
Resolution/resolving power
Additional magnifying lenses could be added to the compound light microscope, and this would increase the resolving power.
false
Increasing magnification without increasing the re-
solving power is called
empty magnification
objects are observed against a bright background (or “bright field”)
when using a compound light
microscope referred to as
brightfield microscope
illuminated objects are seen against a dark background (or “dark field”), and the microscope has been converted into a
darkfield microscrope
The etiologic (causative) agent of syphilisa spiral-shaped bacterium, named Treponema
pallidum can be seen through what microscope
darkfield microscope
these are microscopes that can be used to observe unstained living microorganisms.
phase contrast microscopes
contain a built-in ultraviolet (UV) light source.
Fluorescence microscopes
this microscope is often used in immunology
Fluorescence microscopes
this microscope uses an electron beam as a
source of illumination and magnets to focus the beam.
Electron microscope
what was the first microscope to discover rabies and smallpox viruses
electron microscopes
2 types of electron microscopes
transmission electron & scanning electron
long column microscopy enables
scientists to study the internal structure of cells.
transmission electron
has a shorter column the specimen is placed at
the bottom of the column.
scanning electron microscope
microscope that has a very tall column, at the top of
which an electron gun fires a
beam of electrons downward.
Transmission electron
enables scientists to observe living cells at extremely high magnification and resolution under physiological conditions.
Atomic force microscopy
the scanning electron microscope, which provides
a two-dimensional image of a sample, the AFM provides
a true three-dimensional surface profile.
TRUE
A millimeter is equivalent to how many nanometers?
1,000,000
What is the length of an average rod-shaped bac-
terium (bacillus)?
0.03 MM
Which of the following individuals is given credit
for developing the first compound microscope?
Hans Jansen
How many times better is the resolution of the transmission electron microscope than the resolution of the unaided human eye?
1,000,000
How many times better is the resolution of the
transmission electron microscope than the resolu-
tion of the compound light microscope?
1000
The limiting factor of any compound light micro-
scope (i.e., the thing that limits its resolution to
wavelength of visible light
A compound light microscope differs from a simple
microscope in that the compound light microscope
contains more than one:
magnifying lens
