CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards
is defined as the fundamental unit of
any living organism
cell
refers
to all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
metabolism
the study of the structure and function of
cells,
cytology
it is a mosaic composed of eukaryotic chromosomes consist of DNA molecules and proteins
cell membrane
An organism’s complete
collection of genes is
referred to as its
genome
cell membrane functions
regulates passage of nutrients, WASTE PRODUCTS AND SECRETIONS
A “true nucleus”
consists
nucleoplasm, chromosomes
nuclear membrane
(a type of protoplasm) is the gelatinous matrix or base material of the nucleus.
nucleoplasm
where do chromosomes suspend
nucleoplasm
it is here that rRNA molecules are manufactured.
nucleolus
is where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
cytoplasm
luted system of membranes that are interconnected and
arranged to form a transport network of tubules and
flattened sacs within the cytoplasm.
ER
They consist mainly of rRNA and protein and play an important part in the synthesis of proteins.
Ribosomes
connects or communicates with the ER. This stack of
flattened, membranous sacs completes the transformation
of newly synthesized proteins into mature,
Golgi complex
Golgi complex can be reffered as
packaging plants
are small vesicles that
originate at the Golgi complex. They contain lysozyme
Lysosomes
destroying the entire cell by a process called ____ if the cell is
damaged or deteriorating.
autolysis
are membrane-bound vesicles in which
hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down.
peroxisomes
peroxisomes contain what enzyme that speeds breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
are membrane-bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigments; they are the sites of photosynthesis.
plastids
one type of plastid, contain a green, photosynthetic pigment called
chlorophyll.
Chloroplast
activities, such as cell division, contraction, motility and the movement of chromosomes within the cell are caused by
microtubules and microfilaments
slender, hollow tubules composed of spherical protein
subunits called tubulins.
microtubules
flagellated protozoa are called
flagellates
The cell walls of algae contain a polysaccharide_____that is not found in the cell
walls of any other microorganisms.
ceullulose
The cell walls of fungi
contain a polysaccharide—____—that is not found in
the cell walls of any other microorganisms.
chitin
organelles of locomotion,
but they tend to be shorter (more hairlike), thinner, and
more numerous than flagella.
cillia
procaryotics cells are 1o times smaller than eukar cells
TRUE
reproduction of procaryotic cells is by___
binary fission (division of one cell into 2 cells”
inward foldings of the cell membranes—are where cellular respiration takes
place in bacteria.
mesosomes
bacterial cells posses only one chromosome while eucaryotic cells possess many
TRUE
usually consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule, which serves as the control center of the bacterial cell.
procaryotic chromosome
Small, circular molecules of
double-stranded DNA that are not part of the chromosome
Plasmids/Extrachromosomal DNA
these are Small, circular molecules of
double-stranded DNA that are
not part of the chromosome
Plasmids
Procaryotic ribosomes are smaller
than eucaryotic ribosomes,
TRUE
have a thick layer of peptidoglycan combined with teichoic
acid and lipoteichoic acid molecules.
gram positive cell wall
bacteria lose their
ability to produce cell walls,
transforming into tiny variants
of the same species, referred
to as
L form
the only bacteria with no cellwall
mycoplasma
is a slimy, gelatinous material produced
by the cell membrane and secreted outside of the cell wall.
Glycocalyx
highly organized and firmly attached to the cell wall.
usually consist of polysaccharides, which may
be combined with lipids and proteins,
capsule
a cpasule staining procedure
negative stain
colonies on nu-
trient agar that are smooth,
mucoid, and glistening; they
are referred to as
S-colonies
Nonencapsulated bacteria tend to grow as dry, rough colonies,
called
R colonies
serve an antiphagocytic function, protecting the encapsulated bacteria from being phagocytized (ingested) by phagocytic white blood cells.
capsules
Bacteria never possess a cilia
TRUE
Bacteria possessing
flagella over their entire surface (perimeter) are called
peritrichous bacteria
Bacteria with a tuft of
flagella at one end are described as being
lophotrichous
bacteria,
Bacteria
possessing a single polar flagellum are described as
monotrichous bacteria.
having one or more flagella at
each end are said to be
amphitrichous
Bacterial flagella do not contain microtubules, and their flagella are not membrane-
bound.
TRUE
spiralshaped bacteri
spirochetes
spirocheres have flagella like fibrils called
AXIAL FILAMENTS
hairlike structures, most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria.
Pili/fimbriae
what strain of pili cause diseases
piliated strains
enables the transfer of genetic
material from one
bacterial cell
Sex pilus
in sex pilus, the pili is called the
donor cell
the donor cell attaches to the?
recipient cell
Bacterial spores
are referred to as
endospores
During ____ a copy of the chromosome and some of the surrounding cytoplasm becomes enclosed in
several thick protein coats.
sporulation
The only
membrane possessed
by a procaryotic cell is
its cell membrane.
TRUE
An organism’s
complete collection of
physical characteristics
is known as the
organism’s
phenotype
Taxonomy is separated into 3 AREAS:
Classification, nomenclature & identification
is the
arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups on the basis of similarities or rela-
tionships.
Classification
is the assignment of names to the various taxa according
to international rules.
Nomenclature
the process of
determining whether an isolate belongs to one of the
established,
identification
who devised the 3 domain system of classification
Carl R. Woese
What are the 3 domain system
Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya
what is the correct classification order
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Relatedness among
organisms is
determined by analysis
of genes that code for
small subunit ribosomal
RNA (SSUrRNA).
The semipermeable structure controlling the trans-
port of materials between the cell and its external
environment is the:
cell membrane
Which one of the following is never found in pro-
caryotic cells?
a. flagella
b. capsule
c. cilia
d. ribosomes
c
One way in which an archaean would differ from a
bacterium is that the archaean would possess no:
a. DNA in its chromosome.
b. peptidoglycan in its cell walls.
c. ribosomes in its cytoplasm.
d. RNA in its ribosomes.
B
Some bacteria stain Gram-positive and others stain
Gram-negative as a result of differences in the struc-
ture of their:
a. capsule.
b. cell membrane.
c. cell wall.
d. ribosomes.
Cell wall
Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA are also
known as:
a. Golgi bodies.
b. lysosomes.
c. plasmids.
d. plastids.
c
