chapter 16 Flashcards
always
involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens.
Humoral immunity
involves various
cell types, with
antibodies only playing
a minor role, if any.
CMI
Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of
protective antibodies during one’s lifetime is called
acquired
immunity.
the person receives antibodies that
were produced by another person or by more than one
person, or, in some cases,
passive
acquired immunity,
There are two types of active
acquired immunity:
Natural
Artificial
Antibodies that protect
us from infection or
reinfection are
protective antibodies.
People who have had a
specific infection usually have
developed some resistance to
reinfection by the causative pathogen because of the presence of antibodies and stimulated lymphocytes. This is
called
natural active acquired immunity.
a person
receives antibodies,
rather than producing
them. This can occur
naturally or in an
artificial manner.
passive acquired
immunity,
small anti-
bodies (like immunoglobulin G
[IgG],
mother’s blood cross the placenta to reach the fetus
natural passive ac-
quired immunity,
is accomplished by
transferring antibodies from an
immune person to a susceptible
person.
Artificial passive acquired
immunity
The major cell types that participate
in immune responses are:
- T lymphocytes (T cells)
- B lymphocytes (B cells)
- NK cells (a category of lymphocytes)
- Macrophages
Immune responses
occur at many body
sites, including
SPLEEN
LYMPH NODES
TONSILS
ADENOIDS
A bacterial cell has many molecules on its surface capable of stimulating the production of antibodies; these individual molecules or antigenic sites are known as
antigenic determinants
antigens THAT
requires the
participation of helper
T cells, as well as
macrophages and
B cells.
T-dependent
globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune reactions.
Immunoglobulins
That person’s immune system responds by producing antibodies against the toxin;
such antibodies are called
antitoxins.
can be
thought of as an overly
sensitive immune
system.
Hypersensitivity
occur from
within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with a
particular antigen.
Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions
classic allergic
responses such as hay fever, symptoms, asthma, hives, and
gastrointestinal symptoms that result from food allergies; allergic responses to insect stings
and drugs; and anaphylactic
shock.
Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
results
from the release of chemical mediators from basophils in the bloodstream.
Systemic anaphylaxis
This is the most common
reaction to latex products. The affected individual
experiences dry, itchy, irritated areas on the skin, usuALLY-
Irritant contact dermatitis.
are cytotoxic reactions, meaning that body cells are destroyed
during these reactions. include the cytotoxic reactions that occur in incompatible blood transfusions, Rh incompatibility reactions, and myasthenia gravis;
Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
serum sickness is an example of
Type 3 hypersensitivity
are referred to as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or cellmediated immune reactions,
and are part of CMI.
Type 4
results when a person’s immune system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as self and
attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were nonself or foreign.
autoimmune disease
If a person’s immune system is functioning properly, that
person is said to be an
immunocompetent person.
person’s immune system is not functioning properly, that per
son is said to be
immunosuppressed,
may be caused by drugs (e.g.,
cancer chemotherapeutic agents
and drugs given to transplant
patients), irradiation, or certain infectious diseases
Acquired immunodeficiencies
Persons who produce an insufficient amount of antibodies are said to have
hypogammaglobulinemia.
Some people are born lacking the ability to produce
protective antibodies. Because they are unable to produce
antibodies,
agammaglobulinemia.
- Of the following, which is the least likely to be
involved in CMI?
a. antibodies
b. cytokines
c. macrophages
d. T cells
a
Antibodies are secreted by:
a. basophils.
b. macrophages.
c. plasma cells.
d. T cells.
c
Humoral immunity involves all the following
except:
a. antibodies.
b. antigens.
c. NK cells.
d. plasma cells.
c
Immunity that develops as a result of an actual infection is called:
a. artificial active acquired immunity.
b. artificial passive acquired immunity.
c. natural active acquired immunity.
d. natural passive acquired immunity.
c
Artificial passive acquired immunity would result
from:
a. having the measles.
b. ingesting colostrum.
c. receiving a gamma globulin injection.
d. receiving a vaccine.
c
- The vaccines that are used to protect people from
diphtheria and tetanus are:
a. antitoxins.
b. attenuated vaccines.
c. inactivated vaccines.
d. toxoids.
d
Natural passive acquired immunity would result
from:
a. having the measles.
b. ingesting colostrum.
c. receiving a gamma globulin injection.
d. receiving a vaccine.
b
Which of the following statements about IgM is
false?
a. IgM contains a J chain.
b. IgM has a total of 10 antigen-binding sites.
c. IgM is a pentamer.
d. IgM is a long-lived molecule.
d
Which of the following could be an effect of type III
hypersensitivity?
a. glomerulonephritis
b. rheumatoid arthritis
c. SLE
d. all of the above
d
Most likely, immunology got its start in 1890 when
these scientists discovered antibodies while develop-
ing a diphtheria antitoxin.
a. Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur
b. Elie Metchnikoff and Robert Koch
c. Emil Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburo
d. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin
c
