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Pathology (Guide) > Microbiology - Neonatal + Childhood Infections > Flashcards

Microbiology - Neonatal + Childhood Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the congenital infections?

A

TORCH
- T: Toxoplasmosis
- O: Other (Syphilis, HIV, HBV)
- R: Rubella
- C: CMV
- H: HSV

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2
Q

How do congenital infections generally present?

A

Non-specific: TORCH:
- T: Thrombocytopenia
- O: Other (ears/eyes = cataracts, choroidoretinitis)
- R: Rash
- C: Cerebral abnormality (Microcephaly)
- H: Hepatosplenomegaly

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3
Q

How are congenital infections diagnosed?

A

Serology

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4
Q

What is the treatment for congenital infections?

A

Prevention - TORCH screen

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5
Q

What are the classic symptoms of rubella?

A

Triad:
- Cataracts
- Sensorineural deafness
- CHD (PDA)

+ blueberry muffin rash

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6
Q

What are the classic symptoms of CMV?

A
  • Sensorineural deafness
  • Microcephaly
  • Chorioretinitis
  • Pneumonitis

90% asymptomatic at birth

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7
Q

How is congenital CMV treated?

A

PO Valganciclovir

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8
Q

What are the classic symptoms of HSV?

A
  • Blistering rash
  • Liver dysfunction
  • Meningoencephalitis
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9
Q

When is the risk of HSV highest?

A

Third trimester

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10
Q

How is congenital HSV treated?

A

IV Aciclovir

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11
Q

How does Parvovirus B19 present in pregnancy?

A
  • Haemolytic anaemia (leads to hydrops foetalis)
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12
Q

What is the treatment for Parvovirus B19 in pregnancy?

A

IVIG post-exposure

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13
Q

What are the classic symptoms of Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Chorioidoretinitis
  • Intracranial calcifications
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14
Q

How is Toxoplasmosis transmitted?

A
  • Exposure to cats (toxoplasma gondii parasite)
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15
Q

What are the causes of early onset sepsis (<48hr post-birth)?

A
  • Group B streptococci = most common
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
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16
Q

What are the signs of early onset sepsis (<48hrs post birth)?

A

Maternal:
- PROM
- Fever
- Foetal distress

Foetus:
- Respiratory distress
- Acidosis
- Asphyxia

17
Q

How does early onset sepsis (<48hrs post-birth) present?

A
  • Fever
  • Unwell - meningitis
18
Q

How is early onset sepsis (<48hrs post-birth) diagnosed?

A

Septic screen:
- FBC
- CRP
- Blood culture
- Deep ear swab
- CSF
- Surface swab
- CXR

19
Q

What is the treatment for early onset sepsis (<48hrs post-birth)?

A
  • ABC
  • Supportive
  • Nutrition
  • Abx: BenPen + Gentamicin (Amox/ampicillin if Listeria)
20
Q

What are the causes of late onset sepsis (>48hrs post-birth)?

A
  • Coagulase negative staphylococcus + GBS
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
21
Q

How does late-onset sepsis (>48hrs post-birth) present?

A
  • Bradycardia
  • Apnoea
  • Poor feeding
  • Irritability
  • Convulsions
  • Jaundice
  • Respiratory distress
  • Focal inflammation (examine umbilicus)
22
Q

How is late onset sepsis (>48hrs post-birth) diagnosed?

A
  • Septic screen
  • Urine
23
Q

How is late onset sepsis (>48hrs post-birth) diagnosed?

A
  • Septic screen
  • Urine
24
Q

How is late onset sepsis (>48hrs post-birth) treated?

A
  1. Benzylpenicillin + Gentamicin
  2. Tazocin + vancomycin (if very ill)

Late-onset in communtiy:
- Amoxicillin + Cefotaxime (Listeria + community meningitis; - BenPen given in GP)

25
Q

What are some childhood infections?

A
  • VZV
  • HSV
  • Secondary bacterial infection
26
Q

How do childhood infections present?

A

Non-specific:
- Fever
- Abdominal pain

27
Q

How are childhood infections diagnosed?

A
  • FBC
  • CRP
  • Blood/urine/sputum culture
28
Q

What are some common causes of bacterial meningitis in different childhood age groups?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis = Commonest >3mths (non-blanching petechial rash)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae = <2yrs old
  • Haemophilus influenzae = <3mths + unvaccinated children
  • GBS, E. coli, Listeria = Common 1-3mths (Empirical Abx at this age = Amox)
29
Q

What are some common respiratory tract infections in children?

A
  • Viruses (esp. in young)
  • S. pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma (possible if >4yrs)
30
Q

What are some common UTIs in children?

A
  1. E. coli
    - Proteus
    - Klebsiella
    - Enterococcus
31
Q

How are UTIs diagnosed in children?

A
  • Culture: >10^5 cfu/ml
  • Microscopy: Pyuria (pus cells)
  • Clinical Sx

Pathology (Guide) (84 decks)

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