Histopathology - Fundamentals Flashcards
When are neutrophils present?
Acute inflammation
When are macrophages present?
- Late acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation (inc. granulomas e.g. sarcoidosis)
When are lymphocytes present?
- Chronic inflammation
- Lymphoma (sheets of clonal cells)
When are plasma cells present?
- Acute + chronic inflammatino
- Myeloma
When are eosinophils present?
- Allergic reactions
- Parasitic infections
- Tumours (e.g. Hodgkin’s disease)
When are mast cells present?
Allergic reactions
What are some histological features of squamous cell carcinomas?
- Keratin production
- Intracellular bridges
- Do not form glands
Where is squamous cell carcinoma found?
- Skin
- Head + neck
- Oesophagus (upper + middle 1/3)
- Anus
- Cervix
- Vagina
What are some histological features of adenocarcinomas?
- From glandular epithelium
- Forms glands that can secrete substances
Where are adenocarcinomas found?
- Lung
- Breast
- Stomach
- Colon
- Pancreas
What are some features of a transitional cell?
- Epithelium can stretch
Where are transitional cells found?
- Urinary tract
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Bladder
What is a carcinoma?
A malignancy of epithelial cells
What is a histochemical stain?
Based on a chemical reaction between the stain and the tissue
What is a FONTANA stain used for?
Melanin (+ve)
What is a CONGO RED stain used for?
Amyloidosis (Apple-green birefringence)
What is a PRUSSIAN BLUE stain used for?
Iron (haemochromatosis)
What is the go to stain for histological samples and what colours does it stain?
Hemotoxylin + Eosin (H+E)
- Hemotoxylin stains basic parts purple/blue
- Eosin stains acidic parts red/pink
What is a immunohistochemical stain?
Invovles antibodies directed against a specific antigen. You can then use immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase to detect resulting complexes
What is a granuloma?
An organised collection of activate epithelioid macrophages
What is the definition of DYSPLASIA?
Abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs
What is the definition of METAPLASIA?
One differentiated cell to another type
What is the definition of NEOPLASIA?
Uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues
What is the definition of HYPERPLASIA?
Increased number of cells
What is the definition of HYPERTROPHY?
Increased size of cells
