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Pathology (Guide) > Microbiology - Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Microbiology - Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What class of antimicrobials inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

β-lactams:
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins (1/2/3rd generations)
- Carbapenems

Glycopeptides

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2
Q

What is an example of a penicillin?

A

Amoxicillin

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3
Q

What is an example of a cephalosporin?

A

Ceftriazone

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4
Q

What is an example of a Carbapenem?

A

Meropenem

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5
Q

What is the indication for β-lactam use?

A
  • Gram +ve bacteria
  • Gram -ve: 3rd gen cephalosporins + carbapenems
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6
Q

What are some examples of glycopeptides?

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin
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7
Q

What are the indications for glycopeptide use?

A
  • MRSA
  • C. diff
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8
Q

What class of antimicrobials inhibits protein synthesis?

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Oxazolidinones
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9
Q

What is an example of an aminoglycoside and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Gentamicin
  • Gram -ve sepsis
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10
Q

What is an example of a tetracycline and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Doxycycline
  • Intracellular (e.g. chlamydia)
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11
Q

What is an example of a macrolide and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Gram +ve (penicillin allergy) + Atypical pneumonia
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12
Q

What is an example of chloramphenicol and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Eye drops
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis
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13
Q

What is an example of oxazolidinones and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Linezolid
  • Gram +ve, MRSA + VRE
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14
Q

What classes of antimicrobial drugs inhibit DNA synthesis?

A
  • Fluroquinolones
  • Nitroimidazoles
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15
Q

What is an example of a fluoroquinolone and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Gram -ve (e.g. UTI)
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16
Q

What is an example of Nitroimidazoles and when is its use indicated?

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Anaerobes + protozoa
17
Q

What class of drugs inhibits RNA synthesis, give an example and its indications for use?

A
  • Rifamycin
  • Rifampicin (never given alone)
  • Mycobacteria (e.g. TB)
18
Q

What classes of antimicrobial drugs target cell membrane toxins?

A
  • Polymyxin
  • Cyclic lipopeptide
19
Q

What is an example of polymyxin and its indications for use?

A
  • Colistin
  • Gram -ve
20
Q

What is an example of cyclic lipopeptide and its indications for use?

A
  • Daptomycin
  • Gram +ve, MRSA, VRE
21
Q

What classes of antimicrobial drugs inhibit folate metabolism?

A
  • Sulfonamides
  • Diaminopyrimidines
22
Q

What is an example of sulfonamides and its indications for use?

A
  • Sulphamethoxazole
  • PCP (with trimethoprim = Co-trimoxazole)
23
Q

What is an example of diaminopyrimidines and its indicated for use?

A
  • Trimethoprim
  • UTI
24
Q

What are some broad spectrum Abx?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin + claculanic acid)
  • Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam)
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Meropenem
25
Q

What are some narrow spectrum Abx?

A
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Metronidazole
  • Gentamicin
26
Q

What are the four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and an example of each?

A

BEAT
- B: Bypass antibiotic-sensitive step in pathway (e.g. MRSA)
- E: Enzyme-mediated drug inactivation (e.g. β-lactamases)
- A: impairment of Accumulation of the drug (e.g. tetracycline resistance)
- T: modification of the drug’s Target in the microbe (quinolone resistance)

27
Q

What typical organism infects the skin and what Abx is commonly used to treat it?

A
  • S. aureus
  • Flucloxacillin
28
Q

What typical organism causes pharyngitis and what Abx is commonly used to treat it?

A
  • β-haemolytic streptococcus
  • Benzylpenicillin
29
Q

What typical Abx is commonly used to treat mild CAP?

A

Amoxicillin

30
Q

What typical Abx’s are commonly used to treat severe CAP?

A
  • Co-Amoxiclav
  • Clarithromycin
31
Q

What typical Abx is commonly used to treat HAP?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav + Gentamicin or Tazocin
32
Q

What typical organism causes bacterial meningitis and what Abx is commonly used to treat it?

A
  • Meningococcus/Streptococcus
  • Ceftriaxone (+Amoxicillin if RFs for listeria)
33
Q

What typical Abx are commonly used to treat community UTIs?

A
  • Trimethoprim
  • Nitrofurantoin
34
Q

What typical Abx is commonly used to treat nosocomial UTIs?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Cephalexin
35
Q

What abxs are commonly used to treat severe sepsis?

A
  • Tazocin/ceftriaxone
  • Metronidazole +/- Gentamicin
36
Q

What Abxs are commonly used to treat neutropenic sepsis?

A

Tazocin + Gentamicin

37
Q

What Abxs are commonly used to treat Clostridium difficile?

A
  • Metronidazole
    2. Vancomycin

Pathology (Guide) (84 decks)

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