Microbiology: Infectious agents of URT

Question 1

what is the conducting zone?

Answer 1

a network of interconnecting cavities and tubes outside and inside the lungs

Question 2

what filter, warm, moisten the air that goes into the body

Answer 2

the conducting zones

Question 3

what is the respiratory zone

Answer 3

consists of everywhere gas exchange takes place

Question 4

lower respiratory system is ? of resident microbiota

Answer 4

free

Question 5

what are the normal microbiomes of the pharynx and nasal cavity

Answer 5

1. Haemophilus Spp.
2. Veillonella Spp.
3. Staphylococcus Spp.
4. Diphtheroids
5. Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci

Question 6

is Haemophilus Species gram positive or gram negative

Answer 6

gram negative

Question 7

What shape are the Haemophilus Spp.

Answer 7

Pleomorphic

Question 8

T or F: Haemophilus Spp. are not really picky eaters

Answer 8

False, they are Fastidious

Question 9

The Haemophilus Spp. requires one or both of these key growth factors in order to live which are

Answer 9

• X factor (Hemin)
• V factor (NAD+)

Question 10

what is an opportunistic pathogen for Haemophilus Spp.

Answer 10

H. influenzae

Question 11

H. influenzae needs what to survive?

Answer 11

both the growth factors to survive

Question 12

Veillonella Spp. is gram negative or gram positive

Answer 12

Gram negative

Question 13

Veillonella Spp. are potent ? and potent ?

Answer 13

Potent lactate fermenters and potent Nitrate reducers

Question 14

what is an opportunistic pathogen of Veillonella Spp.

Answer 14

Veillonella Parvula

Question 15

Staphlococcus Spp. is gram positive or gram negative

Answer 15

gram positive

Question 16

what is an opportunistic pathogen of staphlococcus Spp.

Answer 16

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

is alpha-hemolytic streptococci gram positive or gram negative

Answer 17

gram positive

Question 18

what is the pros of upper respiratory microbiome

Answer 18

it limits infection

Question 19

what is the cons of upper respiratory microbiome

Answer 19

opportunistic pathogens abound

Question 20

what is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer 20

streptococcus pyogenes

Question 21

what are the virulence factors of streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 21

• M protein (C3b inhibitor)
• Hyaluronic acid capsule
• Streptokinase
• C5a peptidase
• Pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxins
• Streptolysin O - this lyses blood cells

Question 22

what is a treatment option of strep throat

Answer 22

penicillin

Question 23

what are some additional issues that comes with strep throat

Answer 23

scarlet fever
rheumatic fever

Question 24

what is the causative agent of diptheria?

Answer 24

corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 25

what are the sign/symptoms of diptheria

Answer 25

• Sore throat, localized pain, fever
  
  • Oozing of a fluid
  • Fluid thickens into pseudomembrane

Question 26

what is the key virulence factor of diptheria

Answer 26

diphtheria toxin (AB toxin)

Question 27

what are some treatment options for diptheria

Answer 27

• Use antitoxin
• Use antibiotics (erythromycin)
• Vaccination! (DTaP vaccine)

Question 28

what is the most common human disease

Answer 28

common cold

Question 29

what are some common cold pathogens

Answer 29

1. rhinovirus
2. adenovirus
3. coronavirus
4. herpsviruses

Question 30

what is a protein that is found on the surface of the respiratory epithelium and is a receptor for the rhinovirus

Answer 30

ICAM-1

Question 31

the severity of rhinoviruses seems to relate to ?

Answer 31

serotypes

Question 32

what are the 3 serotypes and their severity

Answer 32

○ HRV-B - less severe and less frequent
○ HRV- A/C - more severe, effects vary from country-country

Question 33

what is the causative agent of mononucleosis

Answer 33

human herpesvirus 4 aka Epstein-Barr Virus

Question 34

for mononucleosis, it infects B lymphocytes, can become latent and prevents ? in these cells

Answer 34

apoptosis