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BMS 150 > Immunology 6 > Flashcards

Immunology 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of a B cell?

A

to give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies capable of binding to an organism, microbe, or molecule

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2
Q

the secreted antibodies have antigen binding sites…

A

identical to those of the receptor molecules on the B-cell surface

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3
Q

antibodies belong to the class of proteins known as ?

A

immunoglobulins

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4
Q

B cells develop first from hematopoietic stem cells, and then into common lymphoid progenitors under the influence of ?

A

IL-7

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5
Q

B cells are released into circulation as ?

A

immature, naive B cells

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6
Q

B cells develop from common lymphoid precursors into

A

Pre-pro B cells

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7
Q

As the pro-B cell matures to a pre-B cell, it will express an ?

A

immature BCR (B-cell receptor)

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8
Q

If this BCR is ? the B cell passes the pre-B cell checkpoint and becomes a pre-B cell

A

productive

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9
Q

If this BCR is ? the B cells will undergo apoptosis

A

unproductive

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10
Q

Prior to maturation into an immature B cells, the Pre-B cell goes through a second checkpoint.
At this point the BCR is checked for ?

A

self-reactivity

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11
Q

Explain if Pre-B cells is positive for self-reactivity

A

○ If (+): Pre-B cells tries to rearrange light chain genes of the BCR and will be checked again for self-reactivity
§ If still (+) -> Pre-B cell will undergo apoptosis

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12
Q

Explain if Pre-B cells is negative for self-reactivity

A

If (-) -> becomes a immature (aka transitional) B cell and leaves the bone marrow

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13
Q

From the bone marrow immature (aka transitional) B cells travel to the ?

A

spleen

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14
Q

once in the spleen, the immature B cell begins expressing:

A
  • CD21 - the complement co-receptor
  • IgD in addition to IgM as the isomer of the portion of the BCR
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15
Q

From general circulation, the B cell will migrate to ?

A

a lymphoid follicle within a lymph node

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16
Q

what are bean-shape structures encapsulated with a reticular network and packed full of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

A

lymph nodes

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17
Q

what are the 3 main regions of lymph nodes

A
  • cortex
  • paracortex
  • medulla
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18
Q

what is in the cortex region?

A

Contains lymphocytes (predominantly B-cells), macrophages and follicular dendritic cells arranged into primary follicles

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19
Q

what is in the paracortex region?

A

contains mostly T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells

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20
Q

what is in the medulla?

A
  • More sparsely populated with lymphoid-lineage cells
    ○ Often plasma cells actively secreting antibody molecules
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21
Q

Within a lymph node, a naïve B-cell encounters an antigen in 1 of 2 ways:

A
  1. The antigen flows into a lymph node through afferent lymphatics and binds to the BCR
  2. Macrophages or dendritic cells encounter an antigen in the periphery and bring it to a lymph node
    • Here they will “present” the antigen to a B cell and the antigen binds to the BCR
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22
Q

The antigen binds to the BCR with the help of:

A

B-cell co-receptor:
- CD21: co-receptor that binds an antigen bound to the complement component C3d
- CD19: signal transduction protein

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23
Q

Once the B-cell has presented it’s antigen it will also increase its expression of co-stimulatory molecules:

A
  • CD80/86
  • ICOSL
  • CD40
24
Q

CD80/86 on B-cell binds to CD28 on T-helper cells for ?

A

T-cell activation

25
Q

ICOSL on B-cell Binds to iCOS on T-helper cells to induce

A

Cytokine productions

26
Q

CD40 on B-cells binds to CD40L on T-helper cells to ?

A

increase antibody production

27
Q

Then the B-cell will present it’s antigen to which type of T-helper cell?

A

Tfh

28
Q

Under the influence of ?, the B cell will proliferate and begin to produce antibodies

A

IL-2, IL-4 (by Tfh cell), and CD40-CD40L interaction

29
Q

What will result in production of high-affinity antibodies?

A

somatic hypermutation

30
Q

During antibody class switching, ? may be switched to a different class

A

the original antibody (IgM)

31
Q

what secreted by the T-helper cells will induce class switching

A

different cytokines

32
Q

T-helper 1 cells secrete INF-y which stimulates class switching to ?

A

IgG subtypes

33
Q

TGF-beta stimulates class switching to ?

A

IgA

34
Q

T-helper 2 cells secrete IL-4 and IL-5, which stimulates class switching to ?

A

IgE

35
Q

what are the steps of somatic hypermutation?

A
  1. The B cell starts in the dark zone of the germinal center where it will loses its HLA expression and mutate it’s BCR genes
  2. The BCR moves into light zone of the germinal center and samples follicular dendritic cells for the antigen
36
Q

Following B-cell selection in germinal center for high-affinity antibodies, the B cell differentiates into either:

A
  • plasma cells
  • memory B cells
37
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

No longer have BCR and secrete a large number of antibody molecules

38
Q

what do memory B cells do?

A

Circulate in the periphery: Once they re-encounter their specific antigen, they will proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

39
Q

what is the structure of an antibody?

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, and has constant and variable regions

40
Q

what regions undergoes genetic shuffling for antibodies

A

variant regions

41
Q

what are the 6 categories of antibody functions?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Opsonization
  4. Complement activation
  5. anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  6. degranulation
42
Q

what are the 5 main classes of antibodies?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgA
43
Q

what is the first class of antibody secreted during the primary immune response

A

IgM

44
Q

what is IgM secreted as ?

A

a pentamer

45
Q

IgM tends to have a higher or lower affinity for its antigen?

A

lower

46
Q

what are the functions of IgM?

A
  • Very good at activating complement
  • Good at agglutinating pathogens - immobilizes the pathogens allowing for phagocytosis
47
Q

what is the most common antibody found in serum?

A

IgG

48
Q

IgG is secreted as a ?

A

monomer

49
Q

what are the variety of different classes of IgG?

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

50
Q

what are the functions of IgG?

A
  • Opsonization
    § Bind the Fc receptor on phagocytes and enhances phagocytosis
  • IgG1 and IgG3 are good at activating complement
  • IgG2alpha is good at triggering antibody-mediated cytotoxicity by Natural killer cells
51
Q

what is predominantly found as a dimer secreted into tears, saliva, breastmilk, and mucus?

A

IgA

52
Q

what are the functions of IgA?

A
  • Neutralizing pathogens
  • Agglutinating pathogens
53
Q

IgE is secreted as ?

A

a monomer in small quantities

54
Q

what is the function of IgE

A

Binds to cells with and Fc receptor for IgE triggering degranulation of granulocyte

55
Q

IgD is secreted as ?

A

a monomer in very small quantities

56
Q

IgD is most prevalent in secretions of the ?

A

upper respiratory tract

57
Q

IgD binds to ?

A

basophils and mast cells

BMS 150 (15 decks)

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