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BMS 150 > Immune Pathology > Flashcards

Immune Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some pathologies have chronic inflammatory component

A
  • Alzheimer disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Obesity and metabolic syndrome
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2
Q

what is well-recognized to be a risk factor for a wide range of diseases

A

visceral obesity

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3
Q

why is visceral obesity so bad for you?

A
  • Excessive lipid build-up can stress the adipocyte (ROS)
  • Free fatty acids in high concentrations may bind to PAMP-R within the adipocyte
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4
Q

what are the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

persistent infections

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5
Q

immune-mediated inflammatory diseases can be divided into?

A

autoimmune and allergic diseases

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6
Q

Autoimmune diseases result when ?

A

immune cells/mediators attack tissues inappropriately over long periods of time

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7
Q

Allergic diseases result when

A

immune cells respond excessively to exogenous allergens

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8
Q

what are resident macrophages

A
  • Langerhans cells
  • microglia
  • Kupffer cells
  • alveolar macrophages
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9
Q

After 48 hours - 1 week of inflammation, often ? are the predominant cell type in inflamed tissue

A

macrophages

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10
Q

Pro-inflammatory macrophages secretes which cytokines/growth factors?

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

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11
Q

Pro-inflammatory macrophages secretes which inflammatory mediators?

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

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12
Q

Macrophage responses can evolve as inflammation and damage continues, the 2 types are…

A
  • “classically-activated” macrophages
    -“alternatively-activated” macrophages
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13
Q

what does “classically-activated” macrophages do?

A
  • Recruit other leukocytes
  • Damage pathogens
  • Often damage “bystander” host cells
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14
Q

what does “alternatively-activated” macrophages do?

A

○ Angiogenesis
○ Pro-fibrotic growth factors/cytokines
○ Growth factors/cytokines that stimulate repair of regeneration

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15
Q

Classically-activated macrophages are induced by ?

A

microbial products and cytokines, particularly IFN-gamma

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16
Q

Alternatively-activated macrophages are induced by ?

A

other cytokines and are important in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation

17
Q

Plasma cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes can form lymphatic nodule-appearing regions in an area of chronic inflammation known as ?

A

tertiary lymphoid organs

18
Q

what are the phases of healing of the skin, connective tissue

A

Phase I - Hemostasis
Phase II - inflammation
Phase III - proliferation
Phase IV - maturation

19
Q

what happens during phase I of healing - hemostasis

A

Blood extravasation into a tissue -> platelet activation and blood coagulation

20
Q

what happens during phase II of healing - inflammation

A

Neutrophils, macrophages kill microbes

21
Q

what happens during phase III of healing - proliferation

A

Recruitment of fibroblasts which produce a network of collagen, proteoglycans (ground substance) and fibronectin (forms framework for tissue)

22
Q

what happens during phase IV of healing - maturation

A

Remodeling of connective tissue, regression of “unnecessary” angiogenesis

23
Q

what are the steps in repair by scar formation

A
  1. Injury to a tissue
  2. inflammation, which clears dead cells and microbes
  3. the formation of vascularized granulation tissue
  4. the deposition of extracellular matrix to form the scar
24
Q

what is a granuloma?

A

an attempt by lymphocytes and macrophages to “wall off” an inflammatory stimulus

25
Q

what are macrophages that develop into large “supercells” - they perform most of the “walling-off” function of a granuloma

A

giant cells

26
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

A

an excessive and/of pathogenic immune response to either foreign or self antigens

27
Q

how many type of hypersensitivity reactions are there

A

type I
type II (a & b)
type III
type IV (a,b,c,d)

28
Q

what are type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Mast-cell mediated – acute recruitment of basophils, eosinophils
  • Immediate, usually IgE-mediated
29
Q

what are type IIa hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions
  • IgG/IgM activation of complement or destruction of cells via ADCC
30
Q

what are type IIb hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Antibody interacts with a receptor, and acts as a ligand -> inappropriate receptor stimulation
31
Q

what are type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Immune-complex formation with activation of complement and recruitment of WBCs in vessels (vasculitis) and synovial tissue (arthritis)

32
Q

what are type IVa hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Th1 inflammation with predominantly macrophage-mediated cellular damage
33
Q

what are type IVb hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Th2 inflammation featuring eosinophils, typical Th2 cytokine release
34
Q

what are type IVc hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Th1 inflammation, predominantly cytotoxic T cell-mediated damage
35
Q

what are type IVd hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • T cell-mediated neutrophilic inflammation
  • Likely mostly Th17-mediated
36
Q

in type II hypersensitivity reactions, antibodies bind to:

A
  • a cell component
  • a matrix component

BMS 150 (15 decks)

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