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BMS 150 > Immunology 5 > Flashcards

Immunology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

IL-2 is a major ?

A

T cell and B cell growth factor

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2
Q

once the naive T cell is activated, it begins to synthesize ? and the high-affinity form of the ?

A

IL-2 and IL-2 receptor

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3
Q

IL-2 binding to the Th IL-2 receptor acts in an ?

A

autocrine fashion

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4
Q

the binding of IL-2 to the receptor on the T cell, activates the Th cell and causes it to ?

A

enter the cell cycle and avoid apoptosis

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5
Q

synthesis of both IL-2 and the high affinity IL2R is induced after?

A

CD28-CD80/86 binding and recognition of antigen

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6
Q

antigen recognition in absence of co-stimulation causes ?

A

T-cell anergy and cannot produce IL-2

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7
Q

T or F: CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes (Th) kill pathogens or other “foreign-looking” entities directly

A

false, they never kill pathogens directly

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8
Q

how do helper T-cells aid immunity?

A
  • activate or inhibit other cells through direct contact (CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, B-cells, macrophages
  • activate other cells through secretion of cytokines
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9
Q

Th cells will differentiate after they are activated so that they “help” in a specific way - this is known as ?

A

T-cell polarization

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10
Q

T helper cells become ? after they are activated

A

polarized

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11
Q

Polarization = ? -> the Th secretes ? that mediate distinct effector cell functions

A

specialized Th phenotype
a “profile” of cytokines

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12
Q

Th type is determined by the ?

A

environment it is found in

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13
Q

the types of cytokines that are present in high concentrations in the immediate vicinity of the newly-activated Th – these are known as ?

A

polarizing cytokines

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14
Q

what are the polarizing cytokines of Th1

A

IL-12 and IL-18

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15
Q

IL-12 and IL-18 bind to their receptors on the Th cell -> activation/production of the ?

A

Th1 transcription factor

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16
Q

what is the Th1 transcription factor?

A

Tbet

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17
Q

what is the thing that polarizes the Th?

A

transcription factor

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18
Q

Tbet causes the Th to secrete ?

A

IFN-y

19
Q

what is one of the principal effector actions of Th1 cells

A

macrophage activation

20
Q

Macrophages require 2 signals for activation which are?

A
  • IFN-y
  • cell contact -> CD40-CD40L
21
Q

Th cells usually first activated and polarized in?

A

secondary lymphatic tissue/organs (SLO)

22
Q

Polarization type (Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg) usually seems to be dependent on the ?

A

APC

23
Q

Signals generated by a polarized Th cell tend to prevent other local Th cells from being polarized into a different type, this is known as ?

A

cross-regulation

24
Q

what are the 3 major polarizing cytokines for Th17

A

IL-6, IL-23, TGF-b

25
Q

Th17 effector cells produce?

A

IL-22 and IL-17

26
Q

what does IL-22 and IL-17 do?

A
  • Induce release of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-a, GM-CSF
  • Cause release of chemokines that recruit neutrophils and macrophages
  • Cause secretion of anti-microbial proteins from cells in inflamed tissue
27
Q

what is the transcription factor that polarizes a TH17 cell?

A

ROR-yt

28
Q

what is “Type 1 response”

A

Th1 and Th17

29
Q

what are the main Th cell that aids full B-cell development in the SLOs

A

follicular Th cells

30
Q

T or F: Tfh cells stay in the SLOs for the duration of their activation

A

True

31
Q

We make “2 rounds” of antibodies when we experience an infection that our immune system has trouble clearing. The two rounds are:

A

Round 1 - lower-affinity antibodies, many epitopes
Round 2 - B-cells “reshuffle” their antibodies and the ones that are very high affinity are selected to reproduce in germinal centres

32
Q

The “2 rounds” of B-cell antibody production is known as ? and is crucial – without ?, it does not happen

A

affinity maturation
Tfh

33
Q

what is inhibitory to Tfh development

A

IL-2

34
Q

what is the polarizing cytokines for Tfh cells

A

IL-12 and low amounts of IL-2

35
Q

what is the transcription factor for Tfh

A

Bcl-6

36
Q

Tfh interacts with a B-cell via TCR-HLA2 and two other new costimulator interactions:

A
  • ICOSL (iCOS ligand) on B-cells interacts with iCOS on Tfh (stimulate cytokine production)
  • CD40L (CD40 ligand) on Tfh interacts with CD40 on B-cells (stimulate antibody production)
37
Q

what is the major Tfh effector cytokine

A

IL-21 (also produce IL-4)

38
Q

Follicular helper T-cells differ from other polarized Th cells:

A
  • They stay in the SLO, interacting continually and closely with B-cells
  • They undergo two separate rounds of interactions with APCs
  • When the B-cell/antibody response to the infection is concluded, Tfh cells often gain the ability to switch types later
39
Q

The development of regulatory T-cells is unique in that their effector activities ? effector activities of other immune cells

A

down-regulate

40
Q

They arise in environments where APCs present an antigen in a cytokine environment that is predominantly ?

A

“anti-inflammatory”

41
Q

what is the inducing/polarizing cytokine of Treg cells?

A

TGF-b

42
Q

what is the transcription factor that causes a Th to become a Treg

A

FoxP3

43
Q

what are the effector functions of the Treg

A

○ Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines:
§ TGF-b, IL-10
○ Down-regulation of CD80/86 signaling by binding to Treg CTLA-4
- Soaking up and “stealing” Il-2 from other effector T-cell

BMS 150 (15 decks)

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