Immunology 7 Flashcards
what is the transcription factor for Th2?
GATA-3
What is the major polarizing cytokine that transform a naive Th into a Th2?
IL-4
what are the Th2 effector functions?
- Production of IgE
- Secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
what cytokine increases the production of IgE
IL-13
which cytokine aids eosinophil activity and migration
IL-5
Review: TH1 cells secrete ? which stimulates class switching to ?
IFN-y and IgG
Review: TGF-beta and retinoic acid seem to stimulate class switching to ?
IgA
Review: TH2 cells secrete ? which stimulates class switching to ?
IL-4 and IL-5
IgE
what is the function of IgE
Binds to cells with an Fc receptor for IgE triggering degranulation of granulocytes
what are claudins?
Trans-membrane proteins that can act as channels for small molecules
what are occludins
trans-membrane protein, function not clear
what are junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)
trans-membrane protein that may mediate permeability to larger molecules
what are ZO proteins
important in tight junction formation, interact with the cytoskeleton
what are the functions of filaggrin
helps compact keratin and attracts water, aiding in skin moisturization
mast cells are derived from ?
granulocyte-monocyte progenitors
what are the signals that promote survival and migration of mast cells
-high circulating IgE
- IL-4, IL-33
what inhibits the survival of mast cells
IFN-y
where do mast cells live in
connective tissue, layers of barrier
mast cells express the Fc receptor for ?
IgE
when antigen binds to IgE which is attached to the mast cell membrane ->
degranulation
the mast cell express many PRRs like TLRs, NLRs, C-type lectins and when they are activated, what occur
degranulation
explain mast cell activity sequentially
- Mast cells are recruited into tissue
- become sensitized
- a stimulus causes degranulation, resulting in an acute response
- over time, one of 3 options
- Full resolution and tissue resumes normal appearance and function
- Mast cells express “pro-fibrotic” growth factors -> repair or fibrosis
- The tissue develops features of type II inflammation
Mast cells are major players in the network of events known as ?
Type II inflammation
Mast cells aren’t always ?
“pro-inflammatory”
what is the major cytokine that induces proliferation and activation of eosinophils?
IL-5
what promotes eosinophils to migrate from blood into peripheral tissues
Eotaxin
are eosinophils short-lived cells or long-lived cells?
short-lived cells
what is the major basic protein/major component of granules in eosinophil granule contents?
cationic protein
what are the functions of the cationic protein
- Toxic to bacterial and eukaryotic cells – increases membrane permeability
- Cause activation, degranulation of mast cells and can activate complement
Eosinophils also have the Fc receptor for ?
IgE
Eosinophils do not enter the barrier immune response until
“called in” and activated
what are the 3 major types of innate lymphoid cells
NK cells
“resident” ILCS
NKT cells
what are the types of “resident” ILCS
Type 1 ILCs
Type 2 ILCs
Type 3 ILCs
type 1 ILCS secrete cytokines such as ?
IFN-y and TNF-a -> pushes the barrier into a “type 1” response and favours the development of Th1 cells
type 2 ILCS secrete cytokines such as?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 -> “pushes” the barrier into a “type 2” response and favours the development of Th2 cells
type 3 ILCS secrete cytokines such as?
IL-17, IFN-y -> effective against extracellular bacteria, also contribute to lymphoid tissue development at the barrier
ILCs are derived from the ?
lymphoid lineage
what activates ILC1 cells?
IL-12
what activates ILC2 cells
alarmins
what are alarmins?
Basically, early-release cytokines from the cells at the border of the inside and outside world, elicit Th2 responses
ILC2 alarmins:
○ IL-25
○ IL-33
○ TSLP = thymic stromal lymphopoietin
what are keratinocytes
water-proof barrier that prevents movement of antigens/microbes into the dermis
what does keratinocytes secrete?
psoriasin and cathelicidins
what are langerhans cells
specialized dendritic cells found in the epidermis that extend processes between keratinocytes
what do NALT include?
tonsils and adenoids
what’s the most common cause of atopic dermatitis?
filaggrin abnormalities
influenza invades the respiratory epithelial cell by binding to the ?
glycocalyx
