Immunology 7

Question 1

what is the transcription factor for Th2?

Answer 1

GATA-3

Question 2

What is the major polarizing cytokine that transform a naive Th into a Th2?

Answer 2

IL-4

Question 3

what are the Th2 effector functions?

Answer 3

• Production of IgE
• Secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

Question 4

what cytokine increases the production of IgE

Answer 4

IL-13

Question 5

which cytokine aids eosinophil activity and migration

Answer 5

IL-5

Question 6

Review: TH1 cells secrete ? which stimulates class switching to ?

Answer 6

IFN-y and IgG

Question 7

Review: TGF-beta and retinoic acid seem to stimulate class switching to ?

Answer 7

IgA

Question 8

Review: TH2 cells secrete ? which stimulates class switching to ?

Answer 8

IL-4 and IL-5
IgE

Question 9

what is the function of IgE

Answer 9

Binds to cells with an Fc receptor for IgE triggering degranulation of granulocytes

Question 10

what are claudins?

Answer 10

Trans-membrane proteins that can act as channels for small molecules

Question 11

what are occludins

Answer 11

trans-membrane protein, function not clear

Question 12

what are junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

Answer 12

trans-membrane protein that may mediate permeability to larger molecules

Question 13

what are ZO proteins

Answer 13

important in tight junction formation, interact with the cytoskeleton

Question 14

what are the functions of filaggrin

Answer 14

helps compact keratin and attracts water, aiding in skin moisturization

Question 15

mast cells are derived from ?

Answer 15

granulocyte-monocyte progenitors

Question 16

what are the signals that promote survival and migration of mast cells

Answer 16

-high circulating IgE
- IL-4, IL-33

Question 17

what inhibits the survival of mast cells

Answer 17

IFN-y

Question 18

where do mast cells live in

Answer 18

connective tissue, layers of barrier

Question 19

mast cells express the Fc receptor for ?

Answer 19

IgE

Question 20

when antigen binds to IgE which is attached to the mast cell membrane ->

Answer 20

degranulation

Question 21

the mast cell express many PRRs like TLRs, NLRs, C-type lectins and when they are activated, what occur

Answer 21

degranulation

Question 22

explain mast cell activity sequentially

Answer 22

1. Mast cells are recruited into tissue
2. become sensitized
3. a stimulus causes degranulation, resulting in an acute response
4. over time, one of 3 options
   
   • Full resolution and tissue resumes normal appearance and function
   • Mast cells express “pro-fibrotic” growth factors -> repair or fibrosis
   • The tissue develops features of type II inflammation

Question 23

Mast cells are major players in the network of events known as ?

Answer 23

Type II inflammation

Question 24

Mast cells aren’t always ?

Answer 24

“pro-inflammatory”

Question 25

what is the major cytokine that induces proliferation and activation of eosinophils?

Answer 25

IL-5

Question 26

what promotes eosinophils to migrate from blood into peripheral tissues

Answer 26

Eotaxin

Question 27

are eosinophils short-lived cells or long-lived cells?

Answer 27

short-lived cells

Question 28

what is the major basic protein/major component of granules in eosinophil granule contents?

Answer 28

cationic protein

Question 29

what are the functions of the cationic protein

Answer 29

- Toxic to bacterial and eukaryotic cells – increases membrane permeability - Cause activation, degranulation of mast cells and can activate complement

Question 30

Eosinophils also have the Fc receptor for ?

Answer 30

IgE

Question 31

Eosinophils do not enter the barrier immune response until

Answer 31

"called in" and activated

Question 32

what are the 3 major types of innate lymphoid cells

Answer 32

NK cells "resident" ILCS NKT cells

Question 33

what are the types of "resident" ILCS

Answer 33

Type 1 ILCs Type 2 ILCs Type 3 ILCs

Question 34

type 1 ILCS secrete cytokines such as ?

Answer 34

IFN-y and TNF-a -> pushes the barrier into a "type 1" response and favours the development of Th1 cells

Question 35

type 2 ILCS secrete cytokines such as?

Answer 35

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 -> "pushes" the barrier into a "type 2" response and favours the development of Th2 cells

Question 36

type 3 ILCS secrete cytokines such as?

Answer 36

IL-17, IFN-y -> effective against extracellular bacteria, also contribute to lymphoid tissue development at the barrier

Question 37

ILCs are derived from the ?

Answer 37

lymphoid lineage

Question 38

what activates ILC1 cells?

Answer 38

IL-12

Question 38

what activates ILC2 cells

Answer 38

alarmins

Question 39

what are alarmins?

Answer 39

Basically, early-release cytokines from the cells at the border of the inside and outside world, elicit Th2 responses

Question 40

ILC2 alarmins:

Answer 40

○ IL-25 ○ IL-33 ○ TSLP = thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Question 41

what are keratinocytes

Answer 41

water-proof barrier that prevents movement of antigens/microbes into the dermis

Question 42

what does keratinocytes secrete?

Answer 42

psoriasin and cathelicidins

Question 43

what are langerhans cells

Answer 43

specialized dendritic cells found in the epidermis that extend processes between keratinocytes

Question 44

what do NALT include?

Answer 44

tonsils and adenoids

Question 45

what's the most common cause of atopic dermatitis?

Answer 45

filaggrin abnormalities

Question 46

influenza invades the respiratory epithelial cell by binding to the ?

Answer 46

glycocalyx