Immunology 1

Question 1

what are the 2 major functional divisions in immune system?

Answer 1

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 2

what is the “1st line of defense”

Answer 2

innate immunity

Question 3

which immune system is less specific - each cell or molecule recognizes a range of targets

Answer 3

innate immunity

Question 4

which immune system is genetically “hard-wired” - cells and molecular effectors don’t change during the lifespan of the organism

Answer 4

innate immunity

Question 5

what immune system is activated when innate defenses are breached?

Answer 5

adaptive immunity

Question 6

which immune system is highly specific - each cell or molecule recognizes a particular target

Answer 6

adaptive immunity

Question 7

which immune system is genetically “changeable” - cells and molecular effectors change their germline DNA to produce unique receptors/effectors during the lifespan of the organism

Answer 7

adaptive immunity

Question 8

What is an antigen?

Answer 8

a substance that can bind to a receptor of the adaptive immune system

Question 9

what are the B-cell receptors that can be released from a B cell into the ECF called?

Answer 9

antibody

Question 10

what is an immunogen?

Answer 10

a substance that can generate an adaptive immune response

Question 11

what is an epitope?

Answer 11

the part of the antigen molecule where the antibody attaches to

Question 12

what is a hapten?

Answer 12

a substance that can bind to an antibody, but CANNOT generate an immune response

Question 13

what is a lymphocyte receptor repertoire?

Answer 13

the set of antigen receptors in a given individual’s immune system

Question 14

Explain the clonal selection theory

Answer 14

in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production

Question 15

what does immature mean?

Answer 15

a cell that has not reached a point where it can become activated - usually refers to cells of the adaptive immune system

Question 16

what does naive mean?

Answer 16

a mature cell that has not yet been activated - always refer to the adaptive immune system

Question 17

what does activated or effector mean?

Answer 17

a cell (or a group of cells) that is currently an active participant in an immune response

Question 18

what does anergic mean?

Answer 18

a cell that responds to receptor binding by deactivation of the cell - it “goes to sleep”

Question 19

what does clone mean?

Answer 19

a group of effector T or B cells that express the same antigen receptor and are derived from the same parent cell

Question 20

Naive B cells express antibodies on their surface, where they are called…

Answer 20

B cell receptors

Question 21

B Cell receptors have …

Answer 21

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, each with variable and constant regions

Question 22

what region of the b cell receptors that are “shuffled” and that can bind to anitgen?

Answer 22

variable region

Question 23

most antibodies bind to what?

Answer 23

protein antigens

Question 24

recognized amino acid sequence can be either…

Answer 24

continuous and discontinuous

Question 25

T cell receptor consist of?

Answer 25

2 chains 1 alpha, 1 beta, each with variable region and a constant region

Question 26

important to note that T-cell receptor is never secreted - it is,,,

Answer 26

always stays attached to the membrane

Question 27

what is antigen presentation?

Answer 27

T receptors only recognize antigen by close communication with molecules on other cells

Question 28

explain about the memory of the adaptive immune system

Answer 28

exposure to an antigen increases its ability to respond to the same or closely related antigen following re-exposure

Question 29

secondary immune responses are generally:

Answer 29

- faster - larger - qualitatively different and often relatively high-affinity B-cell receptors

Question 30

immune responses to self can result in

Answer 30

autoimmunity

Question 31

what are monocytes?

Answer 31

a type of myeloid progenitor cell that circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages upon migration into tissue

Question 32

what are the mature form of monocytes?

Answer 32

macrophages

Question 33

T or F: macrophages present antigens to T cells

Answer 33

True

Question 34

where are dendritic cells found?

Answer 34

body's tissues

Question 35

what does dendritic cells do?

Answer 35

during infection, recognizes infection and transports antigen to lymphoid organs

Question 36

what are the different granulocytes?

Answer 36

- neutrophils - basophils - eosinophils - mast cells

Question 37

what are the different types of myeloid cells?

Answer 37

- Granulocytes - Monocytes - Dendritic cells

Question 38

what are neutrophils?

Answer 38

phagocytic and enter sites of infection and dies in infected tissues and form pus (purulent inflammation) - most numerous cellular component of innate immune system

Question 39

what are eosinophils

Answer 39

defense against parasites and involved in hypersensitivity responses

Question 40

what are basophils

Answer 40

along with mast cells, protect mucosal body surfaces and release histamine in hypersensitivity responses

Question 41

what are mast cells?

Answer 41

reside in all connective tissues - only resident granulocyte and have an unique role

Question 42

what are the different lymphoid progenitor cells?

Answer 42

- B cells - T cells - NK cells

Question 43

where are B cells derived?

Answer 43

bone marrow

Question 44

upon activation, B cells differentiate into...

Answer 44

antibody-secreting plasma cells

Question 45

where are T cells derived?

Answer 45

thymus

Question 46

T cells become either...

Answer 46

helper T cells (Th) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

Question 47

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 47

activate other cells

Question 48

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 48

kill cells that express foreign molecules

Question 49

what do NK cells do?

Answer 49

important in the innate immune system, they lack antigen-specific receptors and they kill infected and altered cells

Question 50

what are the 2 types of lymphoid tissues?

Answer 50

- primary (central) lymphoid organs - secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs

Question 51

what happens at the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 51

where lymphocytes are generated and mature

Question 52

what do primary lymphoid organs include?

Answer 52

bone marrow and thymus

Question 53

where do B cells mature?

Answer 53

bone marrow

Question 54

where do T cells mature?

Answer 54

thymus

Question 55

what happens at the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 55

where adaptive immune responses are initiated (where antigens and B/T cell receptors encounter each other)

Question 56

what do secondary lymphoid organs include?

Answer 56

lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

Question 57

where are lymph nodes located?

Answer 57

lie at junctions of lymphatic vessels

Question 58

what do lymph nodes do?

Answer 58

collect extracellular fluid (lymph) and return it tot he blood (via lymphatics)

Question 59

what are afferent lymphatics?

Answer 59

drain lymph and antigens from tissues, carrying it to the nodes where antigen is trapped

Question 60

what does the spleen do

Answer 60

"filter for blood" - collects blood-borne antigens and also destroys aged RBCs

Question 61

spleen is divided into 2 parts, which are...?

Answer 61

red pulp and white pulp

Question 62

what is red pulp

Answer 62

where old RBCs are destroyed

Question 63

what is white pulp

Answer 63

where lymphocytes surround arterioles entering organ

Question 64

white pulp is further subdivided into what?

Answer 64

corona and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

Question 65

what is the purpose of MALT?

Answer 65

to collect antigens from mucosal surfaces

Question 66

GALT includes...

Answer 66

tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer's Patches (PP)

Question 67

what does peyer's patches do?

Answer 67

collect antigens from epithelial surfaces of GI tract via M cells