Microbiology COPY Flashcards
1
Q
Recall the details of a generic virus replication cycle
A
2
Q
Give two examples of viruses whose tropism are determined by receptor use)
A
3
Q
List the features that infectious dose is affected by
A
Laz’s notes,138
4
Q
- Describe the** **Consequences of infection via the GI tract
A
Laz’s notes,136
5
Q
Describe the distribution of serious fungal infections of humans in terms of their phyla
A
Laz’s notes ,150
6
Q
define subcutaneous mycoses
A
Laz’s notes ,153
7
Q
Recall the difference bwetween vertical and horizontal DNA transmission
Vertical DNA transmission
A
8
Q
Hand transmission can act as an intermediate for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract(True/False)
A
Laz’s notes ,T,134
9
Q
the SMALL INTESTINE you get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA and gram positive bacteria(True/False)
A
Laz’s notes ,F, the SMALL INTESTINE you only get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA,134
10
Q
List the properties of a good vaccine, and describe the features of two of these properties
A
11
Q
Explain the concept of latency, using the example of the Herpes Simplex Virus to illustrate your answer
A
12
Q
Define PATHOGENICITY ISLAND
A
Laz’s notes,133
13
Q
Explain the concept of antigenic drift
A
14
Q
Describe the mechanism of action of seven antibiotic sub-groups
A
Laz’s notes,142
15
Q
Use two examples to illustrate how Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility may affect outcome of virus infection
A
16
Q
What is a mycose
A
Laz’s notes ,151
17
Q
List the different techniques following gram stain that may be used to distinguish between bacteria
A
pg 128 Laz’s notes
18
Q
- What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)
A
19
Q
Define resistance , breakpoint and minimum inhibitory concentration
A
Laz’s notes,141
20
Q
what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis
A
Laz’s notes,151
21
Q
Describe what happens in the four stages of vaccine clinical trials
A
22
Q
Define active and passive immunity and state the purpose of a vaccine
A
23
Q
Recall features of the tetanus and diphtheria toxin, and how the toxoid used for them is produced.
A
24
Q
RECALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIV Treatment
A
25
How does papillomaviruses cause cancer
26
**_Describe the process of Attenuation of Viruses to make Live Virus Vaccines_**
27
**_Postulate possible consequences of infections with EBV_**
28
**_Describe the the Replication Cycle of HIV-1_**
29
**_Describe what superficial mycoses are and give examples of them._**
Laz's notes,152
30
Analyse 3 examples of a pathogens that has a feature that increases it virulence
Laz's notes ,137
31
List features that enhance virulence
Laz's notes,137
32
Name an example of what Cell mediated immunity would be important for
33
Describe the defining feature of a retrovirus
34
_State two methods bacteria may use to get into a host cell(129-130)_
Laz's notes,_(129-130)_
35
_How main phyla does the fungi kingdom consist of and what are the names of these phyla_
Laz's notes,150
36
Give examples of attenuated vaccines
37
_Name four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:_
Laz's notes ,145
38
_Describe what cutaneous mycoses are( double check info here) and give examples of them._
Laz's notes,152
39
_Describe how the action of viruses can be investigated in the labarotary and explain the usual results viewed once viruses are investigated._
40
* **_Describe the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission_****:**
Laz's notes ,132
41
_List and describe some of the features of the different categories of antigenic properties of vaccines(not sure about this one)_
42
_Name the viruses,bacteria and the toxins for **Portal of Entry: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract ('faeco-oral route')**_
Laz's notes,136
43
**_Name**_ _**Three Types of Illness caused by Fungi_**
Laz's notes ,150
44
**_Use two examples to illustrate how Co-Infections_**
## Footnote
**_may affect outcome of virus infection_**
45
_What is significant about of the consequences of listeria infection via the GI tract_
Laz's notes,137
46
**_Summarise the consequences of the Viral Genome Type_**
47
_Explain what is included in Vaccine Formulations_
48
**_Describe the full details as to how structures as sophisticated as those involved in the invasion of host cells have evolved, include statistical evidence for these details?_**
Laz's notes ,131
49
Describe Non-immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
50
Outcome of infection can vary depending on(state seven
51
How do conjugate vaccines work
52
_How can people who exposed to HIV not be affected by the virus and describe how this can change in HIV replication_
53
_What is needed to acquire an infection through the skin, give examples of causes of broken skin._
Laz's notes,135
54
_Explain how_ **_Inactivation of Antibiotic can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes,146
55
There is a vaccine for HBV and HCV(T/F)
There is a vaccine for HBV and no vaccine for HCV
56
* influenza evolves fast(why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
57
describe the role of adjuvants)
58
**The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial (COMMENSAL), but some are pathogenic(True/False)**
Laz's notes, pg 128, True
59
DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
Laz's notes,154
60
(give an example of virus whose tropism is not determined by receptor use)
61
Name an example of what humoral immunity would be important for
62
**_Describe the features of the Shingles Vaccine, how it is used and why_**
63
what causes hepatocellular carcinoma
64
Describe the functions of flagella and Type III Secretion System
Laz's notes,pg 130
65
**_Recall examples ofSubunit Vaccines_**
66
_Explain how_ **_Decreased Drug Accumulation can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,146
67
**_Describe the process of Making recombinant attenuated virus vaccines_**
68
_Explain the general categorisation of adjuvants_
69
A good vaccine PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT TO HEALTH AT LOW COST AND LOW RISK(True/False)
T
70
_DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF **Diagnosis of Fungal Infections**_
Laz's notes,155
71
_Recall the different methods that can be used for_
## Footnote
**_Hepatitis C Treatment_**
72
**_What is the name of the typhoid vaccine- describe how it is produced_**
73
what is a mycetoma
Laz's notes,153
74
Which cell type does the Epstein Barr Virus most commonly affect, and what are symptoms-what is the genric name for the symtomes?
75
Name two examples of successful virus vaccination and describe why one of them is successful
76
(in what scenario would herd immunity be irrelevant
77
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals.(State two exceptions to this rule and explain one of these exceptions)
Laz's notes,141
78
)Summarise how you can get Viral Rashes
79
**_Using an example, illustrate how Viral Load may affect outcome of virus infection_**
80
**_Explain the TWO Strategies to Inhibit Influenza_**
81
explain what a quasi species is
82
Describe the features of a killed whole cell vaccine
83
_Describe and explain two examples of the manipulation of actin by bacteria, and identify the kind of bacteria that use such_
Laz's notes,131
84
**_Explain the use of gram staining to identify bacteria_**
pg 127 laz;s notes
85
_Summarise the different ways of the joint process of transcription and translation in viruses_
86
_Recall the equation for calculating the herd effect_
87
**_For portal of Entry - Urogenital Tract,dissect the sources of bacteria and name the bacteria that go through these sources_**
Laz's notes,135
88
_Give examples of intra and extracellular bacteria_
Laz's notes, pg 129
89
Horizontal gene transfer allows the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance (T/F)
Laz's notes,149
90
where is vaccine efficacy determined
91
HBV is a hepadnavirus (has a DNA genome) but it uses reverse transcriptase during a stage in its life cycle (T/F)
T
92
**_Recall the ways of describing the patterns of viral infection, and what they mean_**
93
why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
94
_DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF INTERFERONS IN ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT HOW IT USED in healthcare AND WHY_
95
_Recall examples of fungal allergies:_
Laz's notes ,151
96
define vaccine efficacy
97
use a sentence to summarise how herd immunity carries out its function
98
_Describe the features of the antigens for the different vaccine subcategories._
99
**_Describe The Replication of Ebola Virus_**
100
Explain how viruses emerge and re-emerge using named examples, including influenza virus antigenic shift and drift, HIV, West Nile Virus, SARS and noroviruses.
101
Vaccines are primarily aimed at eliciting acquired immunity which requires exposure to the infectious agent or its antigens(T/F).
102
_Describe features of the targets for antifungal infection_
Laz's notes,155
103
Describe and explain how the varicella zoster virus can act on a human from its initial infection over a lifetime(include details of the days events occur)
104
_Describe the two main types of virus morphologies_
105
_Recall what a transposon is_
Laz's notes,147
106
_Recall examples of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mycobacteria_
Laz's notes,pg 128
107
_Name Two related multi-protein machines required by Salmonella Motility and Invasion an that of d a large proportion of other gram negative bacteria that uses the same method:_
Laz's notes ,PG 130
108
_Name the viruses and bacteria for **Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract**_
Laz's notes,134
109
_Summarise how fungi deal with their food source_
Laz's notes ,150
110
_Define incubation period_
111
_Describe the receptor attachment involved in HIV_
112
Recall two anti-herpes virus drugs and two anti-influenza virus drugs and a retroviral drug
113
_Give an example to describe how herd immunity can be important_
114
**_Define tropism and explain its determinant (using a definition of its determinants)_**
115
_List how new viruses may emerge_
116
* The live attenuated vaccine is similar but distinct from the chicken pox vaccine given to children in some countries(T/F)
T
117
***_RECALL THE FULL DETAILS OF THE MAIN WAY FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES. WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THIS_***
118
_2)Recall the classifation of the pattern of viral infection( pg 249 ibook to help)_
119
Describe how conjugate vaccines can be prepared
120
HCV and HBV is a blood borne virus(T/F)
T
121
Toxoids will offer herd immunity_(T/F)_
F,
Toxoids will not offer herd immunity_(_
122
_Explain how influenza tropism can be extended_
123
How many proteins do bacteria encode and how many be described as non-accessory or non-pathogenic)
Laz's notes ,131
124
Explain the relationship between breakpoint and resistance
Laz's notes ,141
125
Describe how the BCG vaccine is produces, and describe what is known about the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and problem with evaluating effectiveness of the BCG vaccine
126
What is the endemic state state
127
_DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF ACYCLOVIR IN VIRAL TREATMENT_
128
_A doctor came up to me and said that he would like to find a way fof monitoring the amount of_ *_Streptococcus pyogenes_* _in the nose, so that he can ensure amounts are kept within normal levels for patiets being treated in antibiotic . Explain why what the doctor is trying to do is useful?_
Laz's notes,148
129
_RECALL THE STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETORY SYSTEM(the diagram)_
Laz's notes, pg 131
130
* **_Give examples of deep / systemic mycoses_**
Laz's notes,153
131
## Footnote
**_Recall examples Human Virus Vaccines and the category they come under(less important)_**
132
**_Describe and explain the Single Step Growth Kinetics of a Virus_**
133
_Describe and explain two different ways of investigating viral presence other than the use of plaques formation_
134
_Describe the features of the typhoidvaccine itself and its administration that allows a smooth treatment using the vaccine_
135
Describe the features of acquired immunity
136
_To be a pathogen you need to be able to(name five requirements):_
Laz's notes , pg 129
137
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals(T/F)
Laz's notes ,T
138
**_Give examples of ways for preventing**_ _**the emergence of drug resistance bacteria and nosocomial infections_**
Laz's notes ,149
139
who is the influenza vaccine given to)
140
* **_Name the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission_****:**
Laz's notes,132
141
**_Recall Diseases caused by the drug resistant bacteria, identify whether they are gram positive and gram negative recall features of the diseases where relevant (i.e. portal of entry , consequences and drugs that are used in their treatment )_**
Laz's notes
142
Describe how to culture norovirus in the lab
143
Describe the impact of some of the mutations of viruses in human circulation0
144
How is vaccine efficacy calculated , and how is it usually expressed
145
Verticacl gene transfer is the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown. (T/F)
Laz's notes,F,PATHOGENICITY ISLAND are the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown
146
**_A lot of gram negative bacteria do not use the same method for invading host cells as salmonella(T/F). Summarise a method for the Invasion of host cells by salmonella_**
Laz's notes,PG 130, FALSE
147
Name eight Hospital Acquired Infection Examples
Laz's notes,148
148
_Recall the different vaccine subcategories_
149
Explain the principles of the evolution of drug resistant variants of viruses
150
**_Explain the purpose of using Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy_**
151
## Footnote
**_Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection_**
152
Describe the features of toxoid vaccines, the advantages of using them, and recall examples of diseases that they vaccinate against
153
**_Recall Predisposing Co-morbidities and Conditions for viral infections_**
154
_Explain how_ **_altered metabolism can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,146
155
**_Explain the how viruses may cause cancer_**
156
_Explain the role of adjuvant immune response_
157
What is the main cause of infection via broken skin)
136,Laz's notes
158
## Footnote
**_What is the difference between VIRUS AND A VIRION?_**
159
_Explain how_ **_Altered Target Site can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,145
160
What is the difference between the underlying dterminants influenza and HIV & measle
161
what is the common/ general mechanism for the role of antibiotics)
Laz's notes,142
162
Define the following(pathogenicity, commensal, true pathogen, opportunistic pathogen,infectivity,virulence, infectious dose
Laz's notes,137
163
_Recall the equation needed to determine the minimum proportion of the population that must be immunised at birth (or close to) in order for the infection to die out in the population_
164
* **_Name Infections Targeting Broken Skin, and describe where relevant of feature of these infections:_**
Laz's notes,136
165
how were Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV or HHV8) and Merkel Cell Polyoma first discovered
166
**_State five reasons for treatment failure other than Antibiotic resistance_**
Laz's notes ,148
167
Describe immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
168
**_Transmission Terminology_**
**_Define the following terms: latrogenic , nosocomial, vertical, horizontal, germ line_**
169
State : the name of the pathogen that causes typhoid, how the pathogen is transmitted and how it causes disease. List the symptoms of typhoid fever.
170
Define prophylaxis and therapy
171
_Describe how antiviral vaccines can be formed_
172
As they have access to a huge variety of DNA through horizontal gene transmission, bacteria occupy a huge component of the biodiversity in the world(true/false)
Laz's notes, true,pg 144
173
How many serious fungal infections of humans are there?)
Laz's notes,150
174
Recall the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Laz's notes,147
175
Describe Consequences of bacterial infection acquired via the upper respiratory tract
Laz's notes,135
176
State the advantages and disadvantages of Killed Whole Cell Vaccines. Recall example of such vaccine
177
* **_Name seven**_ _**Risk Factors for HAI:_**
Laz's notes,,148
178
what is herd immunity)
179
_Explain and Categorise the functions of antifungal treatment, include specific examples in your answer_
Laz's notes
180
**_Recall Pros and cons of live vs inactivated viral vaccines_**
181
**_Describe_** _Host Defence against infectious agents_
182
183
_How can viruses be named( less important)_
184
_Describe and explain where relevant how Candida can interact with us under different circumstances_
Laz's notes ,154
185
_1)Recall examples of diseases for the different patterns of viral infection_
186
(Definition of a Virus
187
**_Explain the process of antibody dependent enhancement of the infection in dengue fever_**
188
**_Summarise five real life mechanism for resistance mechanisms, state the antibiotic or type of antibiotic they act on , and state the method of acquisition of the genes for this._**
Laz's notes,147
189
**_RECALL Examples of viruses for which both live and inactivated vaccines are available AND THE DETAILS EACH TYPE FOR THE VIRUSES(1)_**
190
**_What is Rotavirus Vaccine called , what type of vaccine is it , how is it used and why_**
191
**_Name the Intrinsic Sources of Bacterial infections and identify the sources where you would expect bacteria_**
Laz's notes,134
192
**_Describe how crytococci can get into the body, which cells may mop them up and where they can get to and why?_**
Laz's notes,150
193
* _Recall symptoms of mycotoxicoses_:
Laz's notes
194
Why do viruses evolve fast)
195
_Explain how viruses are targeted in general._
196
**_Describe the measles virus receptor use, tropism and pathogenesis_**
197
What are mycotoxins)
Laz's notes,151
198
* **_Describe the consequences**_ _**of infection via broken skin_**
Laz's notes ,136
199
**_Describe spore**_ _**dispersal in fungi_**
Laz's notes ,150
200
How can the evolution of human viruses during human circulation be observed
201
Infections targeting the upper respiratory tract - usually extrinsically-acquired from respiratory tract droplets or airborne(T/F)
Laz's notes,T,134
202
_Describe a procedure that can be used to check that a microorganism causes a disease and name this procedure._
203
Give the relevant immunological detail of a substance that is only present in gram negative bacteria
pg 128 Laz's notes
204
_What produce aflatoxin , and what is special about it compared to other rcpmpounds, and give an example of its effect on the body_
Laz's notes,151
205
**_Describe Strategies of Viral Persistence_**
206
**_Reacall examples of gram positive and gram negative Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens, and explain them_**
Laz's notes,139
207
Three targets for treating fungal infection are:
Laz's notes
208
**_Summarise the different ways of Viral Diagnosis(not very important)_**
209
**_What is significant about the relation between fungal infections and transplant settings.give an example of a particular fungal infection_**
Laz's notes,153
210
**_Explain what determines the outcome of a virus infection_**
211
_1)DESCRIBE AND THE EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETIRY SYSTEM_
Laz's notes ,131
212
List the factors involved in infectivity
Laz's notes ,137
213
**_Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection_**
214
**_EXPLAIN THE ACTION OF Nucleoside Analogues IN VIRAL TREATMENT_**
215
What would the term ‘broad spectrum’ mean?
Laz's notes,146
216
**_)state the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines_**
217
“**_Define the terms zoonosis and host range, and explain its consequences_**
218
* _What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)_
219
State a major activity by bacteria associated with DNA that allows them to overcome our immune system
Laz's notes,132
220
Describe in what cases you would each type of polio virus vaccine and why(3)
221
Strong selective pressures in hospitals are due to the regular use of antibiotics(True/False )
Laz's notes ,True
222
**_Give**_ _**Infectious Disease Examples and describe how they produce their infection by Portal of Entry_**
Laz's notes,138
223
_2)Describe what a live-attenuated vaccine is_
224
**_call Global influences of emerging viral infections_**
225
**_Describe the different types of viral vaccines_**
226
Define Mycotoxicoses)
Laz's notes,151
227
Define Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidAL
Laz's notes,140
228
Definition of Obligate)
229
## Footnote
*_5)Catergorise the two different types of acquired immunity and give the details of these two different types_*
230
Explain the determination of tropism of influenza
231
* 55% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(T/F)
* 95% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(,F
232
There is a relationship between the basic reproduction number R0, vaccine effectiveness and coverag needed to reduce or eliminate disease(T/F)
T
233
_Describe what conjugate vaccines are)_
_12)List the advantages of using conjugate vaccines_
