Microbiology COPY Flashcards
Recall the details of a generic virus replication cycle
Give two examples of viruses whose tropism are determined by receptor use)
List the features that infectious dose is affected by
Laz’s notes,138
- Describe the** **Consequences of infection via the GI tract
Laz’s notes,136
Describe the distribution of serious fungal infections of humans in terms of their phyla
Laz’s notes ,150
define subcutaneous mycoses
Laz’s notes ,153
Recall the difference bwetween vertical and horizontal DNA transmission
Vertical DNA transmission
Hand transmission can act as an intermediate for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract(True/False)
Laz’s notes ,T,134
the SMALL INTESTINE you get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA and gram positive bacteria(True/False)
Laz’s notes ,F, the SMALL INTESTINE you only get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA,134
List the properties of a good vaccine, and describe the features of two of these properties
Explain the concept of latency, using the example of the Herpes Simplex Virus to illustrate your answer
Define PATHOGENICITY ISLAND
Laz’s notes,133
Explain the concept of antigenic drift
Describe the mechanism of action of seven antibiotic sub-groups
Laz’s notes,142
Use two examples to illustrate how Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility may affect outcome of virus infection
What is a mycose
Laz’s notes ,151
List the different techniques following gram stain that may be used to distinguish between bacteria
pg 128 Laz’s notes
- What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)
Define resistance , breakpoint and minimum inhibitory concentration
Laz’s notes,141
what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis
Laz’s notes,151
Describe what happens in the four stages of vaccine clinical trials
Define active and passive immunity and state the purpose of a vaccine
Recall features of the tetanus and diphtheria toxin, and how the toxoid used for them is produced.
RECALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIV Treatment
How does papillomaviruses cause cancer
Describe the process of Attenuation of Viruses to make Live Virus Vaccines
Postulate possible consequences of infections with EBV
Describe the the Replication Cycle of HIV-1
Describe what superficial mycoses are and give examples of them.
Laz’s notes,152
Analyse 3 examples of a pathogens that has a feature that increases it virulence
Laz’s notes ,137
List features that enhance virulence
Laz’s notes,137
Name an example of what Cell mediated immunity would be important for
Describe the defining feature of a retrovirus
State two methods bacteria may use to get into a host cell(129-130)
Laz’s notes,(129-130)
How main phyla does the fungi kingdom consist of and what are the names of these phyla
Laz’s notes,150
Give examples of attenuated vaccines
Name four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:
Laz’s notes ,145
Describe what cutaneous mycoses are( double check info here) and give examples of them.
Laz’s notes,152
Describe how the action of viruses can be investigated in the labarotary and explain the usual results viewed once viruses are investigated.
- Describe the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
Laz’s notes ,132
List and describe some of the features of the different categories of antigenic properties of vaccines(not sure about this one)
Name the viruses,bacteria and the toxins for Portal of Entry: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract (‘faeco-oral route’)
Laz’s notes,136
Name** **Three Types of Illness caused by Fungi
Laz’s notes ,150
Use two examples to illustrate how Co-Infections
may affect outcome of virus infection
What is significant about of the consequences of listeria infection via the GI tract
Laz’s notes,137
Summarise the consequences of the Viral Genome Type
Explain what is included in Vaccine Formulations
Describe the full details as to how structures as sophisticated as those involved in the invasion of host cells have evolved, include statistical evidence for these details?
Laz’s notes ,131
Describe Non-immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
Outcome of infection can vary depending on(state seven
How do conjugate vaccines work
How can people who exposed to HIV not be affected by the virus and describe how this can change in HIV replication
What is needed to acquire an infection through the skin, give examples of causes of broken skin.
Laz’s notes,135
Explain how Inactivation of Antibiotic can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes,146
There is a vaccine for HBV and HCV(T/F)
There is a vaccine for HBV and no vaccine for HCV
- influenza evolves fast(why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
describe the role of adjuvants)
The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial (COMMENSAL), but some are pathogenic(True/False)
Laz’s notes, pg 128, True
DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
Laz’s notes,154
(give an example of virus whose tropism is not determined by receptor use)
Name an example of what humoral immunity would be important for
Describe the features of the Shingles Vaccine, how it is used and why
what causes hepatocellular carcinoma
Describe the functions of flagella and Type III Secretion System
Laz’s notes,pg 130
Recall examples ofSubunit Vaccines
Explain how Decreased Drug Accumulation can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,146
Describe the process of Making recombinant attenuated virus vaccines
Explain the general categorisation of adjuvants
A good vaccine PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT TO HEALTH AT LOW COST AND LOW RISK(True/False)
T
DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Laz’s notes,155
Recall the different methods that can be used for
Hepatitis C Treatment
What is the name of the typhoid vaccine- describe how it is produced
what is a mycetoma
Laz’s notes,153
Which cell type does the Epstein Barr Virus most commonly affect, and what are symptoms-what is the genric name for the symtomes?
Name two examples of successful virus vaccination and describe why one of them is successful
(in what scenario would herd immunity be irrelevant
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals.(State two exceptions to this rule and explain one of these exceptions)
Laz’s notes,141
)Summarise how you can get Viral Rashes
Using an example, illustrate how Viral Load may affect outcome of virus infection
Explain the TWO Strategies to Inhibit Influenza
explain what a quasi species is
Describe the features of a killed whole cell vaccine
Describe and explain two examples of the manipulation of actin by bacteria, and identify the kind of bacteria that use such
Laz’s notes,131
Explain the use of gram staining to identify bacteria
pg 127 laz;s notes
Summarise the different ways of the joint process of transcription and translation in viruses
Recall the equation for calculating the herd effect
For portal of Entry - Urogenital Tract,dissect the sources of bacteria and name the bacteria that go through these sources
Laz’s notes,135
Give examples of intra and extracellular bacteria
Laz’s notes, pg 129
Horizontal gene transfer allows the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance (T/F)
Laz’s notes,149
where is vaccine efficacy determined
HBV is a hepadnavirus (has a DNA genome) but it uses reverse transcriptase during a stage in its life cycle (T/F)
T
Recall the ways of describing the patterns of viral infection, and what they mean
why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF INTERFERONS IN ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT HOW IT USED in healthcare AND WHY
Recall examples of fungal allergies:
Laz’s notes ,151
define vaccine efficacy
use a sentence to summarise how herd immunity carries out its function
Describe the features of the antigens for the different vaccine subcategories.
Describe The Replication of Ebola Virus
Explain how viruses emerge and re-emerge using named examples, including influenza virus antigenic shift and drift, HIV, West Nile Virus, SARS and noroviruses.
Vaccines are primarily aimed at eliciting acquired immunity which requires exposure to the infectious agent or its antigens(T/F).
Describe features of the targets for antifungal infection
Laz’s notes,155
Describe and explain how the varicella zoster virus can act on a human from its initial infection over a lifetime(include details of the days events occur)
Describe the two main types of virus morphologies
Recall what a transposon is
Laz’s notes,147
Recall examples of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mycobacteria
Laz’s notes,pg 128
Name Two related multi-protein machines required by Salmonella Motility and Invasion an that of d a large proportion of other gram negative bacteria that uses the same method:
Laz’s notes ,PG 130
Name the viruses and bacteria for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract
Laz’s notes,134
Summarise how fungi deal with their food source
Laz’s notes ,150
Define incubation period
Describe the receptor attachment involved in HIV
Recall two anti-herpes virus drugs and two anti-influenza virus drugs and a retroviral drug
Give an example to describe how herd immunity can be important
Define tropism and explain its determinant (using a definition of its determinants)
List how new viruses may emerge
- The live attenuated vaccine is similar but distinct from the chicken pox vaccine given to children in some countries(T/F)
T
RECALL THE FULL DETAILS OF THE MAIN WAY FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES. WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THIS
2)Recall the classifation of the pattern of viral infection( pg 249 ibook to help)
Describe how conjugate vaccines can be prepared
HCV and HBV is a blood borne virus(T/F)
T
Toxoids will offer herd immunity_(T/F)_
F,
Toxoids will not offer herd immunity_(_
Explain how influenza tropism can be extended
How many proteins do bacteria encode and how many be described as non-accessory or non-pathogenic)
Laz’s notes ,131
Explain the relationship between breakpoint and resistance
Laz’s notes ,141
Describe how the BCG vaccine is produces, and describe what is known about the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and problem with evaluating effectiveness of the BCG vaccine
What is the endemic state state
DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF ACYCLOVIR IN VIRAL TREATMENT
A doctor came up to me and said that he would like to find a way fof monitoring the amount of Streptococcus pyogenes in the nose, so that he can ensure amounts are kept within normal levels for patiets being treated in antibiotic . Explain why what the doctor is trying to do is useful?
Laz’s notes,148
RECALL THE STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETORY SYSTEM(the diagram)
Laz’s notes, pg 131
- Give examples of deep / systemic mycoses
Laz’s notes,153
Recall examples Human Virus Vaccines and the category they come under(less important)
Describe and explain the Single Step Growth Kinetics of a Virus
Describe and explain two different ways of investigating viral presence other than the use of plaques formation
Describe the features of the typhoidvaccine itself and its administration that allows a smooth treatment using the vaccine
Describe the features of acquired immunity
To be a pathogen you need to be able to(name five requirements):
Laz’s notes , pg 129
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals(T/F)
Laz’s notes ,T
Give examples of ways for preventing** **the emergence of drug resistance bacteria and nosocomial infections
Laz’s notes ,149
who is the influenza vaccine given to)
- Name the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
Laz’s notes,132
Recall Diseases caused by the drug resistant bacteria, identify whether they are gram positive and gram negative recall features of the diseases where relevant (i.e. portal of entry , consequences and drugs that are used in their treatment )
Laz’s notes
Describe how to culture norovirus in the lab
Describe the impact of some of the mutations of viruses in human circulation0
How is vaccine efficacy calculated , and how is it usually expressed
Verticacl gene transfer is the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown. (T/F)
Laz’s notes,F,PATHOGENICITY ISLAND are the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown
A lot of gram negative bacteria do not use the same method for invading host cells as salmonella(T/F). Summarise a method for the Invasion of host cells by salmonella
Laz’s notes,PG 130, FALSE
Name eight Hospital Acquired Infection Examples
Laz’s notes,148
Recall the different vaccine subcategories
Explain the principles of the evolution of drug resistant variants of viruses
Explain the purpose of using Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection
Describe the features of toxoid vaccines, the advantages of using them, and recall examples of diseases that they vaccinate against
Recall Predisposing Co-morbidities and Conditions for viral infections
Explain how altered metabolism can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,146
Explain the how viruses may cause cancer
Explain the role of adjuvant immune response
What is the main cause of infection via broken skin)
136,Laz’s notes
What is the difference between VIRUS AND A VIRION?
Explain how Altered Target Site can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,145
What is the difference between the underlying dterminants influenza and HIV & measle
what is the common/ general mechanism for the role of antibiotics)
Laz’s notes,142
Define the following(pathogenicity, commensal, true pathogen, opportunistic pathogen,infectivity,virulence, infectious dose
Laz’s notes,137
Recall the equation needed to determine the minimum proportion of the population that must be immunised at birth (or close to) in order for the infection to die out in the population
- Name Infections Targeting Broken Skin, and describe where relevant of feature of these infections:
Laz’s notes,136
how were Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV or HHV8) and Merkel Cell Polyoma first discovered
State five reasons for treatment failure other than Antibiotic resistance
Laz’s notes ,148
Describe immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
Transmission Terminology
Define the following terms: latrogenic , nosocomial, vertical, horizontal, germ line
State : the name of the pathogen that causes typhoid, how the pathogen is transmitted and how it causes disease. List the symptoms of typhoid fever.
Define prophylaxis and therapy
Describe how antiviral vaccines can be formed
As they have access to a huge variety of DNA through horizontal gene transmission, bacteria occupy a huge component of the biodiversity in the world(true/false)
Laz’s notes, true,pg 144
How many serious fungal infections of humans are there?)
Laz’s notes,150
Recall the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Laz’s notes,147
Describe Consequences of bacterial infection acquired via the upper respiratory tract
Laz’s notes,135
State the advantages and disadvantages of Killed Whole Cell Vaccines. Recall example of such vaccine
- Name seven** **Risk Factors for HAI:
Laz’s notes,,148
what is herd immunity)
Explain and Categorise the functions of antifungal treatment, include specific examples in your answer
Laz’s notes
Recall Pros and cons of live vs inactivated viral vaccines
Describe Host Defence against infectious agents
How can viruses be named( less important)
Describe and explain where relevant how Candida can interact with us under different circumstances
Laz’s notes ,154
1)Recall examples of diseases for the different patterns of viral infection
(Definition of a Virus
Explain the process of antibody dependent enhancement of the infection in dengue fever
Summarise five real life mechanism for resistance mechanisms, state the antibiotic or type of antibiotic they act on , and state the method of acquisition of the genes for this.
Laz’s notes,147
RECALL Examples of viruses for which both live and inactivated vaccines are available AND THE DETAILS EACH TYPE FOR THE VIRUSES(1)
What is Rotavirus Vaccine called , what type of vaccine is it , how is it used and why
Name the Intrinsic Sources of Bacterial infections and identify the sources where you would expect bacteria
Laz’s notes,134
Describe how crytococci can get into the body, which cells may mop them up and where they can get to and why?
Laz’s notes,150
- Recall symptoms of mycotoxicoses:
Laz’s notes
Why do viruses evolve fast)
Explain how viruses are targeted in general.
Describe the measles virus receptor use, tropism and pathogenesis
What are mycotoxins)
Laz’s notes,151
- Describe the consequences** **of infection via broken skin
Laz’s notes ,136
Describe spore** **dispersal in fungi
Laz’s notes ,150
How can the evolution of human viruses during human circulation be observed
Infections targeting the upper respiratory tract - usually extrinsically-acquired from respiratory tract droplets or airborne(T/F)
Laz’s notes,T,134
Describe a procedure that can be used to check that a microorganism causes a disease and name this procedure.
Give the relevant immunological detail of a substance that is only present in gram negative bacteria
pg 128 Laz’s notes
What produce aflatoxin , and what is special about it compared to other rcpmpounds, and give an example of its effect on the body
Laz’s notes,151
Describe Strategies of Viral Persistence
Reacall examples of gram positive and gram negative Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens, and explain them
Laz’s notes,139
Three targets for treating fungal infection are:
Laz’s notes
Summarise the different ways of Viral Diagnosis(not very important)
What is significant about the relation between fungal infections and transplant settings.give an example of a particular fungal infection
Laz’s notes,153
Explain what determines the outcome of a virus infection
1)DESCRIBE AND THE EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETIRY SYSTEM
Laz’s notes ,131
List the factors involved in infectivity
Laz’s notes ,137
Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection
EXPLAIN THE ACTION OF Nucleoside Analogues IN VIRAL TREATMENT
What would the term ‘broad spectrum’ mean?
Laz’s notes,146
)state the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines
“Define the terms zoonosis and host range, and explain its consequences
- What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)
State a major activity by bacteria associated with DNA that allows them to overcome our immune system
Laz’s notes,132
Describe in what cases you would each type of polio virus vaccine and why(3)
Strong selective pressures in hospitals are due to the regular use of antibiotics(True/False )
Laz’s notes ,True
Give** **Infectious Disease Examples and describe how they produce their infection by Portal of Entry
Laz’s notes,138
2)Describe what a live-attenuated vaccine is
call Global influences of emerging viral infections
Describe the different types of viral vaccines
Define Mycotoxicoses)
Laz’s notes,151
Define Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidAL
Laz’s notes,140
Definition of Obligate)
5)Catergorise the two different types of acquired immunity and give the details of these two different types
Explain the determination of tropism of influenza
- 55% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(T/F)
- 95% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(,F
There is a relationship between the basic reproduction number R0, vaccine effectiveness and coverag needed to reduce or eliminate disease(T/F)
T
Describe what conjugate vaccines are)
12)List the advantages of using conjugate vaccines
