Immunology Flashcards
Explain The importance of immunology for human health
pg 197, ibook
“Summarise the basic principles of immune responses, and the timescales in which they occur.”
ibook, pg 197
“Define the terms antigen, antibody, B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, naive lymphocyte,memory lymphocytes, aactive and passive immunity, primary and secondary immune responses.”
pg 198 ibook
“Summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.”
pg 199, ibook AND pg 9 Immunology 2 word
Describe what happens in the primary and secondary immune response
ibook pg 199
Explain the relationship between natural selection and the immune system
ibook, pg 200
Outline how the physical organisation oof the immune system is important for its functiion
pg 200,ibook
List four things the immune system needs to do
immunology 1 slide 2
Desctibe three ways Exploitation of the power of the immune system in medicine
Immunolgy 1 , pg 3
• The immune system identifies and eliminates harmful microorganisms and harmful substances such as toxins by :
by distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ (sometimes ‘normal self’ from ‘abnormal self’ in cancer)andby identifying ‘danger’ signals, slide 8 immunlogy 1
Explain the evolutionary ‘arms race’ between pathogen and host
immunology 1 slid e14
Summarise the features and functions of the receptors for the basic strategies used by the immune system to recognise danger and initiate a response.
Presentation immunolgy 1 slide 16-21
Innate versus adaptive immunity: differentiate between innate and adaptive immune responses, comparing the timescales in which they occur.
slide 24
What does the innate immune response do?
immunology 1 slide 25
Recall details of the Effector arms of the adaptive immune response
immunology 1 slide 26
IRecall nnate and adaptive immune response: main components
iimmunology 1 , slide 28
Recall details of Generation of clonal diversity in lymphocytes
immunology 1 slid e31
summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.
immunology 1 sldie 32-33
What happens when the antigen is removed in the immune response?
immunology 1, slide 34
How does the immune response actually clear a pathogen?
slid e35,immunology 1
Definitions: antigen, immunogen, antibody
immunology 1, slid e 36
Recall details of Organisation of lymphoid tissues
immunology 1 slide 39
Recall the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and briefly differentiate between their functions.
immunology 2, pg 1
Provide an Overview of how the Lymphoid Organs relate with one another in function
pg 2
Recall the location of the thymus
Recall the location of the thymus
Immunology 2 word,pg 2
- 1)Recall the anatomy of the thymus
Immunology 2 word,pg 2
- 2)Explain the staining features of the microscopic analysis of the thymus
immunology 2 word,pg 2
What is the importance of the HASSAL’s CORPUSCLE
immunology 2 word,pg 3
- Recall how the function o f the thymus changes in infection
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
Recall how the thymic output changes with age and the consequences of this
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
Recall bone marrow function
immunology 2 word,pg 3
Describe how the function and composition of the bone marrow changes throughout life and during infection
immunology 2 word,pg 3
Recall The Lymphatic System function
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
Describe the The Lymph Node anatomy and composition and changes that occur to it during infection
Immunology 2 word,pg 4
How do lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?
immunology 2 word,pg 4
Recall the structure function and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection
immunology 2 word,pg 5
Recall the structure ,function, body location and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection
Immunology 2 word, pg 5
Give the details of the role of the Epithelium as the First Line of Defence
Immunology 2 word,pg 5
Describe the structure function and composition of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
, and how this changes during an infection
immunology 2 word, pg 5
Summarise the details of The Cutaneous Immune System
immunology 2 word,pg 6
Summarise the re-circulation of lymphocytes
Immunology 2 word,pg 6
Explain the need for** **the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met
Immunology 2 word,pg 6
Explain the need for** **the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met
immunology 2 word,pg 7
Explain the process of extravasation of Naïve T Lymphocytes into Lymph Nodes
immunology 2 word,pg 7
Explain the use of CD (Cluster of Differentiation) markers for discrimination between lymphocytes
Immunology 2 word, pg 8
Describe the distribution of TCRs and CD markers amongst T cells , and give the details of the T cell subsets
Immunology 2 word,pg 8
Describe the details of T Cell and B Antigen Recognition, and the molecules you can get on the surface of B lymphocytes
immunology 2 word,pg 9
“Summarise the concept of clonal selection
immunology 2 word,pg 9
List examples of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), their locations and describe their function
immunology 2 word,pg 10
Subcategorise the immune system into the 4 parts
immunology 3 word,pg 1
Describe 6 features of the innate immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 1
Describe the three Innate immune recognition strategies
immunology 3 word,pg 1
Describe possible positions of immune system receptors
immunology 3 word,pg 2
- Give examples of PAMPs and DAMPs and explain what DAMPS are
immunology 3 word, pg 2
state the proportion of leukocytes that are neutrophils
immunology 3 word,pg 2
neutrophils last a long time in the blood true/ False
immunology 3 word,F,pg 2 (Short-lived)
Neutrophils go though the lymph and migrates to the spleenT/F
immunology 3 word, F,Circulate in blood and migrate to tissues
How do macrophages signal infection
immunology 3 word
- Neyurtophils areFirst to be recruited to the site of tissue damage/infection(Treu/False)
immunology 3 word, pg 2
How do macrophages signal infection)
immunology 3 word(Signal infection by releasing soluble mediators),pg 2
Describe the Characteristic Features of a Neutrophil
immunology 3 word, pg 2
To fight infection, neutrophils need to:
immunology 3 word,pg 3
Describe the Movement of Neutrophils into Tissues
immunology 3 word,pg 3
State an observation that usually takes place When many neutrophils are involved in a response in a particular area
immunology 3 word,pg 3
Describe and explain the process of opsonisation
immunology 3 word, pg 3
Describe the Neutrophil Killing Mechanisms
immunology 3 word, pg 3
How do neutrophils deal with extracellular bacteria
immunology 3 word, pg 4
Describe the relationship between monocytes and macrophages
immunology 3 word,pg 5
What is the most siginificant feature that allows them to recognise bacteria
immunology 3 word,pg 5
Describe Macrophage Function
immunology 3 word,pg 5
Define cytokines and describe their general properties
immunology 3 word, pg 5
State the Types of Cytokine and their functions
immunology 3 word, pg 5
only immune cells produce interferon(T/F)-
immunology 3 word,answer is false,,pg 6
Describe the different ways that cytokines can act
immunology 3 word, pg 6
Recall Important cytokines secreted by activated macrophages and their functions
immunology 3 word,pg 6
Describe the features of Bacterial Septic Shock
immunology 3 word, pg 7
Describe the function of dendritic cells
immunology 3 word, pg 7
(which cells form a Direct link between acquired and adaptive immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 7
Define complement
immunology 3 word, pg 7
Summarise the details of the experimental discovery of the complement
immunology 3 word,pg 7
Describe complement composition and things that take place in The Complement System
immunology 3 word, pg 8
Describe the three pathways of Complement Activation
immunology 3 word, pg 8
Explain the The ‘Y’ of Complement
immunology 3 word
Explain the significant aspects Complement that does not include ‘Y’ of the complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
Complenents have long half lives T/F
immunology 3 word, pg 9 , F
Complement is concentrated in body fluids T/F)
immunology 3 word, F, pg 9
Describe the Functions of Complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
Describe the function of side product fragments of the complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
Describe the importance of immune complex clearage and describe how it can be done vis red blood cells and phagocytes)
immunology 3 word,pg 10
Describe and explain the function of Mast Cells
immunology 3 word, pg 10
State the different types of mast cells
immunology 3 word,pg 10
Summarise a typical inflammatory response to a localised infection involving recruitment of neutrophils, and phagocytosis and killing bacteria
immunology 3 word,pg 10
Briefly summarise the events involved in a systemic acute phase response
immunology 3 word,pg 11
Describe the Acute Phase Proteins for a** **systemic acute phase response
immunology 3 word,pg 11
Describe the features and method of function of natural killer cells
immunology 3 word,pg 11
Give the details Target Cell Recognition in natural killer cells
immunology 3 word,pg 12
Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 12
What is an Antibody?
immunology 4 word, pg1
Which cell produce an antibody)
immunology 4 word, pg 1
Which cell produce an antibody
immunology 4 word, pg 1
- Describe the scale of antibody abundance)
immunology 4 word, pg 1
Antibody-deficiency is not life-threatening and cannot be treated T/F
immunology 4 word,pg 1,False
Describe the secondary effector functions following antibody binding
immunology 4 word, pg 1
Explain with the aid of a simple diagram the immunoglobulin molecule, identifying the antigen-binding site (Fab) and Fc portions of the molecule
immunology 4 word, pg 1
Describe the importance of the Fc part
immunology 4 word, pg 2
Describe the experimental evidence of antibody structure
immunology 4 word, pg 2
Describe the importance of the Flexibility of Antibody Molecules
immunology 4 word,pg 3
summarise the properties of the antigen-binding site
immunology 4 word,pg 3
2) Describe the forces involved in the antibody-antigen binding
immunology 4 word,pg 4
1)Distinguish between antibody affinity and avidity
immunology 4 word,pg 4
2)How can one mathematicallty display antibody affinity
immunology 4 word,pg 4
- WHat is a better measure of binding capacity , avidity of affinity)
immunology 4 word,pg 5
Describe antibody cross-reactivity
immunology 4 word,pg 5
Explain an example of the cross reactivity of antibodies
immunology 4 word,pg 5
Differentiate between isotypes and allotypes( I dont understand this)
immunology 4 word, pg 5
Explain what determines the different antibody classes
immunology 4 word,pg 5
Describe the features and functions of the igG class of antibodies
immunology 4 word, pg 6
Which antibody classes have subclasses. Describe the subclasses for these classes.
IgG and IgA have subclasses
immunology 4 word, pg 6
Describe the features and functions of the igAclass of antibodies
immunology 4 word, pg 7
- Describe the process of Formation for Secretory IgA
immunology 4 word, pg 7
D escribe the features and functions of the igE class of antibodies
immunology 4 word, pg 8
Recall shapes of antibodies classes
immunology 4 word, pg 9
Recall the Selective Ig Distribution
immunology 4 word,pg 9
Summarise the antibody effector functions
immunology 4 word,pg 9
Describe what each Ig class is good at
immunology 4 word,pg 9
immunology 3 word
Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 12
Describe the features and functions of the igM class of antibodies
immunology 4 word, pg 8
immunology 3 word
D escribe the features and functions of the igD class of antibodies
immunology 4 word,pg 8
which cells can be described as the main drivers of the adaptive immune response
immunology 5 word,pg 1
Describe possible consequences of the lack of T and B cells
immunology 5 word, pg 1
What is the relationship between the innate immunity and the adaptive immune response
immunology 5 word, pg 1
Responses to repeat infections are at the same speed and stronger(T/F)-
immunology 5 word, pg 1,False
Define antigen and epitope
immunology 5 word, pg 1
Describe the difference between B cells and T cells and the type of epitope they recognise
immunology 5word, pg 1
- Describe the components of the Two Types of Adaptive Immune Response:
immunology 5 word, pg 1
Explain the origin and maturation of B-lymphocytes,
immunology 5 word, pg 2
Describe what the BCR is and explain why Ig__a__/Ig__b is needed for its function p
immunology 5 word, pg 2
Explain the principles of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement in the generation of diversity in Ig antibodies
immunology 5 word, pg 3
Describe how heavy and light chains come together to make a functional molecule
immunology 5 word,pg 5
What happens when B cells bind with antigens and transduces a signal through BCR?
immunology 5 word, pg 5
How is antibody production by B cells achieved?
immunology 5 word, pg 6
Describe the influence of cytokines made by Tcell,and use this to explain why T cell dependent is the only pathway that can produce many different antibody classes.
immunology 5 word, pg 8
Explain why the second immune response is better equipped to deal with infection
immunology 5 word, pg 8
Give the details of the structure and the method of function of the TCR
immunology 6 word,pg 1
Describe the functions of the T lymphocyte subsets.
immunology 6 word, pg 2
State three main states of T cells in their development and describe the precise location where transitions happen between these stages
immunology 6 word, pg 3
Describe how receptors and co-receptors are formed in the T cell development
immunology 6 word, pg 4
Illustrate the process of Alpha and Beta chain rearrangement and its significance
immunology 6 word, pg 5
Give the detailsof the selection process involved in T cell develpoment
immunology 6 word,pg 6
what is the general function of T-lymphocyte
immunology 6 word, pg 7
what is the most significant step for the derivation of the antigen specific receptor
immunology 6 word, pg 7
Where are the T-lymphocytes selected for usefulness
immunology 6 word, pg 7
List the three main subsets of T-lymphocytes
immunology 6 word , pg 7
Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules
immunology 6 word, pg 8
Define the MHC
immunology 6 word, pg 8
Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules
immunology 6 word, pg 8
Explain the need of a binding motif
immunology 6 word, pg 10
Describe the features and composition of the HLA and explain the significance of these features
immunology 6 word, pg 10
What percentage of human genes have immune related function
immunology 6 word, pg 11
Describe the features of MHC gene expression
immunology 6 word, pg 11
Describe the features of MHC gene expression
immunology 6 word, pg 11
Give the details of MHC polymorphism and describe its consequences
immunology 6 word, pg 11
Explain the mechanisms by which antigen presenting cells (APCs) process and present endogenous and exogenous antigens
immunology 6 word, pg 11
Define MHC molecules
immunology 6 word, pg 12
Compare and differentiate between antigen recognition by B and T lymphocytes and by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes
immunology 6 word, pg 12
Explain the need for T cell mediated( immunity
immunology 7 word, pg 1
Describe the function of two T cell subsets
immunology 7 word, pg 1
State antigen-presenting cell function
immunology 3 word
What is the main APC subset)
immunology 7 word, pg 2
Summarise the different types of MCH-TCR reactions
immunology 7 word, pg 2
Describe why the MHC/TCR Interactions are important in terms of disease susceptibility.
immunology 7 word,pg 2
Explain the whole migration process of T cells in cell mediated immunity
immunology 7 word ,pg 3
Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis
immunology 7 word,pg 3
What happens in cell mediated cytotoxicity
immunology 7 word,pg 3
Where do we get a loss of CD4 T cells which is catastrophic
immunology 7 word, pg 4
Listof the range of effector functions in CD4+ T cell – T helper cells, and identify the one that is part of the humoral immunity
immunology 7 word, pg 4
Give the details of what takes place for the following roles of T cells:
- Macrophage activation, Delayed Type Hypersensitivity, B cell activation
immunology 7 word,pg 5
Describe the functions of the 5 families of T helper cells
immunology 7 word , pg 6
Describe features of Immunological Memory
Immuunology 7 word ,pg 6
Describe the Difference between T cell memory and B cell memory
immunology 7 word, og 6
Describe the two subsets of T cells and the some of the cytokine receptors for these subsets and cytokine receptors for T cel in different parts of development
immunolgy 7 word pg 7
Describe what happens in T cell exhaustion
immunolgy 7 word , pg 7
Describe Beneficial and detrimental actions of effector T cells
immunology 7 word , pg 7
What the T cell mediated immunity allow
immunology word 7 ,pg 7
- T cells Also assist other cell functions (T/F)
immunology 7 word pg 7
What leads to different functions of T cells
immunology 7 word pg 7
- What cells do T cells need to interact with to become activated)
immunology 7 word , pg 7
Explain the the importance of immune regulation, describe two parts of immune regulation , and describe the consequences of failure of such mechanisms
8,1
Explain three ways that immune regulation can fail
8,1
Describe two General principles of controlling immune responses
8,2
define immunological tolerances
8,2
Explain the importance of immunological tolerance
8,2
`Give the details and explain what takes place in central and peripheral tolerance
8,2
What is the important transcription factor for T reg
8,6
Describe immune dysregulation involving transcription factors).
8,6
Describe the mechanism by which T reg carry out their functions
8,6
Describe the different types of Tregs
8,7
Describe Resolution and Repair in immune response
8,7
Explain why immune Regulation is critical in PREGNANCY
8,7
How is immunological Tolerance broken
8,7
In immune response what is self -limitation
8,7
Describe the function of Regulatory Macrophages
8,8
Describe Regulation of T cells by amino acid starvation
8,8
Describe T-B cell collaboration
8,8
Give the details of the role of Interferons in the immune response
9,2
Recall Typical antibody response to vaccines
9,2
Recall detail of immune defences against bacteria
9,3
