Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Explain The importance of immunology for human health
A
pg 197, ibook
2
Q
“Summarise the basic principles of immune responses, and the timescales in which they occur.”
A
ibook, pg 197
3
Q
“Define the terms antigen, antibody, B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, naive lymphocyte,memory lymphocytes, aactive and passive immunity, primary and secondary immune responses.”
A
pg 198 ibook
4
Q
“Summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.”
A
pg 199, ibook AND pg 9 Immunology 2 word
5
Q
Describe what happens in the primary and secondary immune response
A
ibook pg 199
6
Q
Explain the relationship between natural selection and the immune system
A
ibook, pg 200
7
Q
Outline how the physical organisation oof the immune system is important for its functiion
A
pg 200,ibook
8
Q
List four things the immune system needs to do
A
immunology 1 slide 2
9
Q
Desctibe three ways Exploitation of the power of the immune system in medicine
A
Immunolgy 1 , pg 3
10
Q
• The immune system identifies and eliminates harmful microorganisms and harmful substances such as toxins by :
A
by distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ (sometimes ‘normal self’ from ‘abnormal self’ in cancer)andby identifying ‘danger’ signals, slide 8 immunlogy 1
11
Q
Explain the evolutionary ‘arms race’ between pathogen and host
A
immunology 1 slid e14
12
Q
Summarise the features and functions of the receptors for the basic strategies used by the immune system to recognise danger and initiate a response.
A
Presentation immunolgy 1 slide 16-21
13
Q
Innate versus adaptive immunity: differentiate between innate and adaptive immune responses, comparing the timescales in which they occur.
A
slide 24
14
Q
What does the innate immune response do?
A
immunology 1 slide 25
15
Q
Recall details of the Effector arms of the adaptive immune response
A
immunology 1 slide 26
16
Q
IRecall nnate and adaptive immune response: main components
A
iimmunology 1 , slide 28
17
Q
Recall details of Generation of clonal diversity in lymphocytes
A
immunology 1 slid e31
18
Q
summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.
A
immunology 1 sldie 32-33
19
Q
What happens when the antigen is removed in the immune response?
A
immunology 1, slide 34
20
Q
How does the immune response actually clear a pathogen?
A
slid e35,immunology 1
21
Q
Definitions: antigen, immunogen, antibody
A
immunology 1, slid e 36
22
Q
Recall details of Organisation of lymphoid tissues
A
immunology 1 slide 39
23
Q
Recall the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and briefly differentiate between their functions.
A
immunology 2, pg 1
24
Q
Provide an Overview of how the Lymphoid Organs relate with one another in function
A
pg 2
25
**_Recall the location of the thymus_**
26
**_Recall the location of the thymus_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 2
27
* _1)Recall the anatomy of the thymus_
Immunology 2 word,pg 2
28
* _2)Explain the staining features of the microscopic analysis of the thymus_
immunology 2 word,pg 2
29
**_What is the importance of the HASSAL’s CORPUSCLE_**
immunology 2 word,pg 3
30
* _Recall how the function o f the thymus changes in infection_
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
31
Recall how the thymic output changes with age and the consequences of this
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
32
Recall bone marrow function
immunology 2 word,pg 3
33
**_Describe how the function and composition of the bone marrow changes throughout life and during infection_**
immunology 2 word,pg 3
34
**_Recall The Lymphatic System function_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 3
35
**_Describe the The Lymph Node anatomy and composition and changes that occur to it during infection_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 4
36
How do lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?
immunology 2 word,pg 4
37
**_Recall the structure function and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection_**
immunology 2 word,pg 5
38
**_Recall the structure ,function, body location and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection_**
Immunology 2 word, pg 5
39
**_Give the details of the role of the Epithelium as the First Line of Defence_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 5
40
**_Describe the structure function and composition of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue_**
**_, and how this changes during an infection_**
immunology 2 word, pg 5
41
**_Summarise the details of The Cutaneous Immune System_**
immunology 2 word,pg 6
42
**_Summarise the re-circulation of lymphocytes_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 6
43
**_Explain the need for**_ _**the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 6
44
**_Explain the need for**_ _**the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met_**
immunology 2 word,pg 7
45
**_Explain the process of extravasation of Naïve T Lymphocytes into Lymph Nodes_**
immunology 2 word,pg 7
46
**_Explain the use of CD (Cluster of Differentiation) markers for discrimination between lymphocytes_**
Immunology 2 word, pg 8
47
**_Describe the distribution of TCRs and CD markers amongst T cells , and give the details of the T cell subsets_**
Immunology 2 word,pg 8
48
**_Describe the details of T Cell and B Antigen Recognition, and the molecules you can get on the surface of B lymphocytes_**
immunology 2 word,pg 9
49
“_Summarise the concept of clonal selection_
immunology 2 word,pg 9
50
**_List examples of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), their locations and describe their function_**
immunology 2 word,pg 10
51
**_Subcategorise the immune system into the 4 parts_**
immunology 3 word,pg 1
52
Describe 6 features of the innate immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 1
53
Describe the three Innate immune recognition strategies
immunology 3 word,pg 1
54
Describe possible positions of immune system receptors
immunology 3 word,pg 2
55
* _Give examples of PAMPs and DAMPs and explain what DAMPS are_
immunology 3 word, pg 2
56
state the proportion of leukocytes that are neutrophils
immunology 3 word,pg 2
57
neutrophils last a long time in the blood true/ False
immunology 3 word,F,pg 2 (Short-lived)
58
Neutrophils go though the lymph and migrates to the spleenT/F
immunology 3 word, F,Circulate in blood and migrate to tissues
59
How do macrophages signal infection
immunology 3 word
60
* _Neyurtophils areFirst to be recruited to the site of tissue damage/infection(Treu/False)_
immunology 3 word, pg 2
61
How do macrophages signal infection)
immunology 3 word(Signal infection by releasing soluble mediators),pg 2
62
**_Describe the Characteristic Features of a Neutrophil_**
immunology 3 word, pg 2
63
**_To fight infection, neutrophils need to:_**
immunology 3 word,pg 3
64
**_Describe the Movement of Neutrophils into Tissues_**
immunology 3 word,pg 3
65
State an observation that usually takes place When many neutrophils are involved in a response in a particular area
immunology 3 word,pg 3
66
_Describe and explain the process of opsonisation_
immunology 3 word, pg 3
67
**_Describe the Neutrophil Killing Mechanisms_**
immunology 3 word, pg 3
68
## Footnote
**_How do neutrophils deal with extracellular bacteria_**
immunology 3 word, pg 4
69
Describe the relationship between monocytes and macrophages
immunology 3 word,pg 5
70
What is the most siginificant feature that allows them to recognise bacteria
immunology 3 word,pg 5
71
Describe Macrophage Function
immunology 3 word,pg 5
72
**_Define cytokines and describe their general properties_**
immunology 3 word, pg 5
73
**_State the Types of Cytokine and their functions_**
immunology 3 word, pg 5
74
only immune cells produce interferon(T/F)-
immunology 3 word,answer is false,,pg 6
75
_Describe the different ways that cytokines can act_
immunology 3 word, pg 6
76
**_Recall Important cytokines secreted by activated macrophages and their functions_**
immunology 3 word,pg 6
77
**_Describe the features of Bacterial Septic Shock_**
immunology 3 word, pg 7
78
_Describe the function of dendritic cells_
immunology 3 word, pg 7
79
(which cells form a Direct link between acquired and adaptive immunity
immunology 3 word,pg 7
80
**_Define complement_**
immunology 3 word, pg 7
81
Summarise the details of the experimental discovery of the complement
immunology 3 word,pg 7
82
Describe complement composition and things that take place in The Complement System
immunology 3 word, pg 8
83
**_Describe the three pathways of Complement Activation_**
immunology 3 word, pg 8
84
**_Explain the The 'Y' of Complement_**
immunology 3 word
85
Explain the significant aspects Complement that does not include ‘Y’ of the complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
86
Complenents have long half lives T/F
immunology 3 word, pg 9 , F
87
Complement is concentrated in body fluids T/F)
immunology 3 word, F, pg 9
88
Describe the Functions of Complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
89
Describe the function of side product fragments of the complement
immunology 3 word, pg 9
90
Describe the importance of immune complex clearage and describe how it can be done vis red blood cells and phagocytes)
immunology 3 word,pg 10
91
**_Describe and explain the function of Mast Cells_**
immunology 3 word, pg 10
92
State the different types of mast cells
immunology 3 word,pg 10
93
**_Summarise a typical inflammatory response to a localised infection involving recruitment of neutrophils, and phagocytosis and killing bacteria_**
immunology 3 word,pg 10
94
**_Briefly summarise the events involved in a systemic acute phase response_**
immunology 3 word,pg 11
95
**_Describe the Acute Phase Proteins for a**_ _**systemic acute phase response_**
immunology 3 word,pg 11
96
**_Describe the features and method of function of natural killer cells_**
immunology 3 word,pg 11
97
**_Give the details Target Cell Recognition in natural killer cells_**
immunology 3 word,pg 12
98
## Footnote
**_Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity_**
immunology 3 word,pg 12
99
**_What is an Antibody?_**
immunology 4 word, pg1
100
Which cell produce an antibody)
immunology 4 word, pg 1
101
Which cell produce an antibody
immunology 4 word, pg 1
102
* _Describe the scale of antibody abundance)_
immunology 4 word, pg 1
103
Antibody-deficiency is not life-threatening and cannot be treated T/F
immunology 4 word,pg 1,False
104
Describe the secondary effector functions following antibody binding
immunology 4 word, pg 1
105
Explain with the aid of a simple diagram the immunoglobulin molecule, identifying the antigen-binding site (Fab) and Fc portions of the molecule
immunology 4 word, pg 1
106
Describe the importance of the Fc part
immunology 4 word, pg 2
107
_Describe the experimental evidence of antibody structure_
immunology 4 word, pg 2
108
**_Describe the importance of the Flexibility of Antibody Molecules_**
immunology 4 word,pg 3
109
**_summarise the properties of the antigen-binding site_**
immunology 4 word,pg 3
110
2) Describe the forces involved in the antibody-antigen binding
immunology 4 word,pg 4
111
**_1)Distinguish between antibody affinity and avidity_**
immunology 4 word,pg 4
112
***_2)How can one mathematicallty display antibody affinity_***
immunology 4 word,pg 4
113
* _WHat is a better measure of binding capacity , avidity of affinity)_
immunology 4 word,pg 5
114
Describe antibody cross-reactivity
immunology 4 word,pg 5
115
Explain an example of the cross reactivity of antibodies
immunology 4 word,pg 5
116
**_Differentiate between isotypes and allotypes( I dont understand this)_**
immunology 4 word, pg 5
117
_Explain what determines the different antibody classes_
immunology 4 word,pg 5
118
**_Describe the features and functions of the igG class of antibodies_**
immunology 4 word, pg 6
119
**_Which antibody classes have subclasses. Describe the subclasses for these classes._**
**_IgG and IgA have subclasses_**
immunology 4 word, pg 6
120
**_Describe the features and functions of the igAclass of antibodies_**
immunology 4 word, pg 7
121
* **_Describe the process of Formation for Secretory IgA_**
immunology 4 word, pg 7
122
D **_escribe the features and functions of the igE class of antibodies_**
immunology 4 word, pg 8
123
**_Recall shapes of antibodies classes_**
immunology 4 word, pg 9
124
Recall the Selective Ig Distribution
immunology 4 word,pg 9
125
**_Summarise the antibody effector functions_**
immunology 4 word,pg 9
126
_Describe what each Ig class is good at_
immunology 4 word,pg 9
127
immunology 3 word
128
## Footnote
**_Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity_**
immunology 3 word,pg 12
129
**_Describe the features and functions of the igM class of antibodies_**
immunology 4 word, pg 8
130
immunology 3 word
131
D **_escribe the features and functions of the igD class of antibodies_**
immunology 4 word,pg 8
132
which cells can be described as the main drivers of the adaptive immune response
immunology 5 word,pg 1
133
Describe possible consequences of the lack of T and B cells
immunology 5 word, pg 1
134
What is the relationship between the innate immunity and the adaptive immune response
immunology 5 word, pg 1
135
Responses to repeat infections are at the same speed and stronger(T/F)-
immunology 5 word, pg 1,False
136
**_Define antigen and epitope_**
immunology 5 word, pg 1
137
_Describe the difference between B cells and T cells and the type of epitope they recognise_
immunology 5word, pg 1
138
* **_Describe the components of the Two Types of Adaptive Immune Response_****:**
immunology 5 word, pg 1
139
_Explain the origin and maturation of B-lymphocytes,_
immunology 5 word, pg 2
140
**_Describe what the BCR is and explain why_** _Ig__a__/Ig__b_ _is needed for its function_ _p_
immunology 5 word, pg 2
141
_Explain the principles of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement in the generation of diversity in Ig antibodies_
immunology 5 word, pg 3
142
**_Describe how heavy and light chains come together to make a functional molecule_**
immunology 5 word,pg 5
143
**_What happens when B cells bind with antigens and transduces a signal through BCR?_**
immunology 5 word, pg 5
144
**_How is antibody production by B cells achieved?_**
immunology 5 word, pg 6
145
**_Describe the influence of cytokines made by Tcell,and use this to explain why T cell dependent is the only pathway that can produce many different antibody classes._**
immunology 5 word, pg 8
146
**_Explain why the second immune response is better equipped to deal with infection_**
immunology 5 word, pg 8
147
Give the details of the structure and the method of function of the TCR
immunology 6 word,pg 1
148
_Describe the_ _functions of the T lymphocyte subsets._
immunology 6 word, pg 2
149
**_State three main states of T cells in their development and describe the precise location where transitions happen between these stages_**
immunology 6 word, pg 3
150
_Describe how receptors and co-receptors are formed in the T cell development_
immunology 6 word, pg 4
151
**_Illustrate the process of Alpha and Beta chain rearrangement and its significance_**
immunology 6 word, pg 5
152
_Give the detailsof the selection process involved in T cell develpoment_
immunology 6 word,pg 6
153
what is the general function of T-lymphocyte
immunology 6 word, pg 7
154
what is the most significant step for the derivation of the antigen specific receptor
immunology 6 word, pg 7
155
Where are the T-lymphocytes selected for usefulness
immunology 6 word, pg 7
156
List the three main subsets of T-lymphocytes
immunology 6 word , pg 7
157
_Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules_
immunology 6 word, pg 8
158
Define the MHC
immunology 6 word, pg 8
159
Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules
immunology 6 word, pg 8
160
**_Explain the need of a binding motif_**
immunology 6 word, pg 10
161
_Describe the features and composition of the HLA and explain the significance of these features_
immunology 6 word, pg 10
162
What percentage of human genes have immune related function
immunology 6 word, pg 11
163
Describe the features of MHC gene expression
immunology 6 word, pg 11
164
**_Describe the features of MHC gene expression_**
immunology 6 word, pg 11
165
_Give the details of MHC polymorphism and describe its consequences_
immunology 6 word, pg 11
166
**_Explain the mechanisms by which antigen presenting cells (APCs) process and present endogenous and exogenous antigens_**
immunology 6 word, pg 11
167
**_Define MHC molecules_**
immunology 6 word, pg 12
168
**_Compare and differentiate between antigen recognition by B and T lymphocytes and by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes_**
immunology 6 word, pg 12
169
_Explain the need for T cell mediated( immunity_
immunology 7 word, pg 1
170
_Describe the function of two T cell subsets_
immunology 7 word, pg 1
171
State antigen-presenting cell function
immunology 3 word
172
What is the main APC subset)
immunology 7 word, pg 2
173
Summarise the different types of MCH-TCR reactions
immunology 7 word, pg 2
174
Describe why the MHC/TCR Interactions are important in terms of disease susceptibility.
immunology 7 word,pg 2
175
**_Explain the whole migration process of T cells in cell mediated immunity_**
immunology 7 word ,pg 3
176
_Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis_
immunology 7 word,pg 3
177
**_What happens in cell mediated cytotoxicity_**
immunology 7 word,pg 3
178
Where do we get a loss of CD4 T cells which is catastrophic
immunology 7 word, pg 4
179
_Listof the range of effector functions in CD4+ T cell – T helper cells, and identify the one that is part of the humoral immunity_
immunology 7 word, pg 4
180
_Give the details of what takes place for the following roles of T cells:_
* _Macrophage activation,_ **_Delayed Type Hypersensitivity, B cell activation_**
immunology 7 word,pg 5
181
_Describe the functions of the_ _5 families of T helper cells_
immunology 7 word , pg 6
182
**Describe features of Immunological Memory**
Immuunology 7 word ,pg 6
183
Describe the Difference between T cell memory and B cell memory
immunology 7 word, og 6
184
_Describe the two subsets of T cells and the some of the cytokine receptors for these subsets and cytokine receptors for T cel in different parts of development_
immunolgy 7 word pg 7
185
**_Describe what happens in T cell exhaustion_**
immunolgy 7 word , pg 7
186
Describe Beneficial and detrimental actions of effector T cells
immunology 7 word , pg 7
187
What the T cell mediated immunity allow
immunology word 7 ,pg 7
188
* T cells Also assist other cell functions (T/F)
immunology 7 word pg 7
189
What leads to different functions of T cells
immunology 7 word pg 7
190
* _What cells do T cells need to interact with to become activated)_
immunology 7 word , pg 7
191
**_Explain the the importance of immune regulation, describe two parts of immune regulation , and describe the consequences of failure of such mechanisms_**
8,1
192
_Explain three ways that immune regulation can fail_
8,1
193
**_Describe two General principles of controlling immune responses_**
8,2
194
define immunological tolerances
8,2
195
**_Explain the importance of immunological tolerance_**
8,2
196
`Give the details and explain what takes place in central and peripheral tolerance
8,2
197
What is the important transcription factor for T reg
8,6
198
Describe immune dysregulation involving transcription factors).
8,6
199
Describe the mechanism by which T reg carry out their functions
8,6
200
**_Describe the different types of Tregs_**
8,7
201
Describe Resolution and Repair in immune response
8,7
202
Explain why immune Regulation is critical in PREGNANCY
8,7
203
**_How is immunological Tolerance broken_**
8,7
204
_In immune response what is self -limitation_
8,7
205
**_Describe the function of Regulatory Macrophages_**
8,8
206
Describe Regulation of T cells by amino acid starvation
8,8
207
Describe T-B cell collaboration
8,8
208
**_Give the details of the role of Interferons in the immune response_**
9,2
209
**_Recall Typical antibody response to vaccines_**
9,2
210
**_Recall detail of immune defences against bacteria_**
9,3
