Microbiology Flashcards
Explain the use of gram staining to identify bacteria
pg 127 laz;s notes
Give the relevant immunological detail of a substance that is only present in gram negative bacteria
pg 128 Laz’s notes
List the different techniques following gram stain that may be used to distinguish between bacteria
pg 128 Laz’s notes
The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial (COMMENSAL), but some are pathogenic(True/False)
Laz’s notes, pg 128, True
Recall examples of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mycobacteria
Laz’s notes,pg 128
To be a pathogen you need to be able to(name five requirements):
Laz’s notes , pg 129
Give examples of intra and extracellular bacteria
Laz’s notes, pg 129
A lot of gram negative bacteria do not use the same method for invading host cells as salmonella(T/F). Summarise a method for the Invasion of host cells by salmonella
Laz’s notes,PG 130, FALSE
Name Two related multi-protein machines required by Salmonella Motility and Invasion an that of d a large proportion of other gram negative bacteria that uses the same method:
Laz’s notes ,PG 130
Describe the functions of flagella and Type III Secretion System
Laz’s notes,pg 130
RECALL THE STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETORY SYSTEM(the diagram)
Laz’s notes, pg 131
1)DESCRIBE AND THE EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETIRY SYSTEM
Laz’s notes ,131
Describe and explain two examples of the manipulation of actin by bacteria, and identify the kind of bacteria that use such
Laz’s notes,131
State two methods bacteria may use to get into a host cell(129-130)
Laz’s notes,(129-130)
Describe the full details as to how structures as sophisticated as those involved in the invasion of host cells have evolved, include statistical evidence for these details?
Laz’s notes ,131
How many proteins do bacteria encode and how many be described as non-accessory or non-pathogenic)
Laz’s notes ,131
- Name the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
Laz’s notes,132
State a major activity by bacteria associated with DNA that allows them to overcome our immune system
Laz’s notes,132
- Describe the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
Laz’s notes ,132
Define PATHOGENICITY ISLAND
Laz’s notes,133
Verticacl gene transfer is the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown. (T/F)
Laz’s notes,F,PATHOGENICITY ISLAND are the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown
As they have access to a huge variety of DNA through horizontal gene transmission, bacteria occupy a huge component of the biodiversity in the world(true/false)
Laz’s notes, true,pg 144
Name the Intrinsic Sources of Bacterial infections and identify the sources where you would expect bacteria
Laz’s notes,134
the SMALL INTESTINE you get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA and gram positive bacteria(True/False)
Laz’s notes ,F, the SMALL INTESTINE you only get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA,134
Name the viruses and bacteria for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract
Laz’s notes,134
Infections targeting the upper respiratory tract - usually extrinsically-acquired from respiratory tract droplets or airborne(T/F)
Laz’s notes,T,134
Hand transmission can act as an intermediate for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract(True/False)
Laz’s notes ,T,134
Describe Consequences of bacterial infection acquired via the upper respiratory tract
Laz’s notes,135
For portal of Entry - Urogenital Tract,dissect the sources of bacteria and name the bacteria that go through these sources
Laz’s notes,135
What is needed to acquire an infection through the skin, give examples of causes of broken skin.
Laz’s notes,135
- Name Infections Targeting Broken Skin, and describe where relevant of feature of these infections:
Laz’s notes,136
- Describe the consequences** **of infection via broken skin
Laz’s notes ,136
What is the main cause of infection via broken skin)
136,Laz’s notes
Name the viruses,bacteria and the toxins for Portal of Entry: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract (‘faeco-oral route’)
Laz’s notes,136
- Describe the** **Consequences of infection via the GI tract
Laz’s notes,136
What is significant about of the consequences of listeria infection via the GI tract
Laz’s notes,137
Define the following(pathogenicity, commensal, true pathogen, opportunistic pathogen,infectivity,virulence, infectious dose
Laz’s notes,137
List the factors involved in infectivity
Laz’s notes ,137
Analyse 3 examples of a pathogens that has a feature that increases it virulence
Laz’s notes ,137
List features that enhance virulence
Laz’s notes,137
List the features that infectious dose is affected by
Laz’s notes,138
Give** **Infectious Disease Examples and describe how they produce their infection by Portal of Entry
Laz’s notes,138
Reacall examples of gram positive and gram negative Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens, and explain them
Laz’s notes,139
Define Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidAL
Laz’s notes,140
Define resistance , breakpoint and minimum inhibitory concentration
Laz’s notes,141
Explain the relationship between breakpoint and resistance
Laz’s notes ,141
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals(T/F)
Laz’s notes ,T
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals.(State two exceptions to this rule and explain one of these exceptions)
Laz’s notes,141
Recall Diseases caused by the drug resistant bacteria, identify whether they are gram positive and gram negative recall features of the diseases where relevant (i.e. portal of entry , consequences and drugs that are used in their treatment )
Laz’s notes
what is the common/ general mechanism for the role of antibiotics)
Laz’s notes,142
Describe the mechanism of action of seven antibiotic sub-groups
Laz’s notes,142
Name four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:
Laz’s notes ,145
Explain how Altered Target Site can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,145
Explain how Inactivation of Antibiotic can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes,146
What would the term ‘broad spectrum’ mean?
Laz’s notes,146
Explain how altered metabolism can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,146
Explain how Decreased Drug Accumulation can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen
Laz’s notes ,146
Summarise five real life mechanism for resistance mechanisms, state the antibiotic or type of antibiotic they act on , and state the method of acquisition of the genes for this.
Laz’s notes,147
Recall what a transposon is
Laz’s notes,147
Recall the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Laz’s notes,147
Horizontal gene transfer allows the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance (T/F)
Laz’s notes,149
State five reasons for treatment failure other than Antibiotic resistance
Laz’s notes ,148
Strong selective pressures in hospitals are due to the regular use of antibiotics(True/False )
Laz’s notes ,True
Name eight Hospital Acquired Infection Examples
Laz’s notes,148
- Name seven** **Risk Factors for HAI:
Laz’s notes,,148
A doctor came up to me and said that he would like to find a way fof monitoring the amount of Streptococcus pyogenes in the nose, so that he can ensure amounts are kept within normal levels for patiets being treated in antibiotic . Explain why what the doctor is trying to do is useful?
Laz’s notes,148
Give examples of ways for preventing** **the emergence of drug resistance bacteria and nosocomial infections
Laz’s notes ,149
How main phyla does the fungi kingdom consist of and what are the names of these phyla
Laz’s notes,150
How many serious fungal infections of humans are there?)
Laz’s notes,150
Describe the distribution of serious fungal infections of humans in terms of their phyla
Laz’s notes ,150
Describe how crytococci can get into the body, which cells may mop them up and where they can get to and why?
Laz’s notes,150
Summarise how fungi deal with their food source
Laz’s notes ,150
Describe spore** **dispersal in fungi
Laz’s notes ,150
Name** **Three Types of Illness caused by Fungi
Laz’s notes ,150
Recall examples of fungal allergies:
Laz’s notes ,151
Define Mycotoxicoses)
Laz’s notes,151
What are mycotoxins)
Laz’s notes,151
- Recall symptoms of mycotoxicoses:
Laz’s notes
what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis
Laz’s notes,151
What produce aflatoxin , and what is special about it compared to other rcpmpounds, and give an example of its effect on the body
Laz’s notes,151
What is a mycose
Laz’s notes ,151
Describe what superficial mycoses are and give examples of them.
Laz’s notes,152
Describe what cutaneous mycoses are( double check info here) and give examples of them.
Laz’s notes,152
define subcutaneous mycoses
Laz’s notes ,153
what is a mycetoma
Laz’s notes,153
- Give examples of deep / systemic mycoses
Laz’s notes,153
What is significant about the relation between fungal infections and transplant settings.give an example of a particular fungal infection
Laz’s notes,153
Describe and explain where relevant how Candida can interact with us under different circumstances
Laz’s notes ,154
DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
Laz’s notes,154
DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Laz’s notes,155
Three targets for treating fungal infection are:
Laz’s notes
Describe features of the targets for antifungal infection
Laz’s notes,155
Explain and Categorise the functions of antifungal treatment, include specific examples in your answer
Laz’s notes
Describe a procedure that can be used to check that a microorganism causes a disease and name this procedure.
(Definition of a Virus
Definition of Obligate)
Describe the two main types of virus morphologies
How can viruses be named( less important)
RECALL THE FULL DETAILS OF THE MAIN WAY FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES. WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THIS
Summarise the different ways of the joint process of transcription and translation in viruses
Describe the defining feature of a retrovirus
Recall two anti-herpes virus drugs and two anti-influenza virus drugs and a retroviral drug
Summarise the consequences of the Viral Genome Type
Recall the details of a generic virus replication cycle
What is the difference between VIRUS AND A VIRION?
Describe the the Replication Cycle of HIV-1
Describe The Replication of Ebola Virus
Describe how the action of viruses can be investigated in the labarotary and explain the usual results viewed once viruses are investigated.
Describe and explain two different ways of investigating viral presence other than the use of plaques formation
Describe and explain the Single Step Growth Kinetics of a Virus
Summarise the different ways of Viral Diagnosis(not very important)
Describe how antiviral vaccines can be formed
Describe how to culture norovirus in the lab
Define tropism and explain its determinant (using a definition of its determinants)
Describe the receptor attachment involved in HIV
How can people who exposed to HIV not be affected by the virus and describe how this can change in HIV replication
Describe the measles virus receptor use, tropism and pathogenesis
Give two examples of viruses whose tropism are determined by receptor use)
(give an example of virus whose tropism is not determined by receptor use)
Explain the determination of tropism of influenza
What is the difference between the underlying dterminants influenza and HIV & measle
Explain how influenza tropism can be extended
Explain what determines the outcome of a virus infection
Transmission Terminology
Define the following terms: latrogenic , nosocomial, vertical, horizontal, germ line
Recall the difference bwetween vertical and horizontal DNA transmission
Vertical DNA transmission
)Summarise how you can get Viral Rashes
Define incubation period
Describe and explain how the varicella zoster virus can act on a human from its initial infection over a lifetime(include details of the days events occur)
Recall the ways of describing the patterns of viral infection, and what they mean
2)Recall the classifation of the pattern of viral infection( pg 249 ibook to help)
Describe Strategies of Viral Persistence
Explain the concept of latency, using the example of the Herpes Simplex Virus to illustrate your answer
Explain the how viruses may cause cancer
How does papillomaviruses cause cancer
how were Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV or HHV8) and Merkel Cell Polyoma first discovered
what causes hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV is a hepadnavirus (has a DNA genome) but it uses reverse transcriptase during a stage in its life cycle (T/F)
T
There is a vaccine for HBV and HCV(T/F)
There is a vaccine for HBV and no vaccine for HCV
1)Recall examples of diseases for the different patterns of viral infection
HCV and HBV is a blood borne virus(T/F)
T
- 55% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(T/F)
- 95% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(,F
Postulate possible consequences of infections with EBV
Which cell type does the Epstein Barr Virus most commonly affect, and what are symptoms-what is the genric name for the symtomes?
Outcome of infection can vary depending on(state seven
Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection
Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection
Using an example, illustrate how Viral Load may affect outcome of virus infection
Use two examples to illustrate how Co-Infections
may affect outcome of virus infection
Use two examples to illustrate how Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility may affect outcome of virus infection
Recall Predisposing Co-morbidities and Conditions for viral infections
Describe Host Defence against infectious agents
Describe Non-immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
Describe immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
Describe the features of acquired immunity
Vaccines are primarily aimed at eliciting acquired immunity which requires exposure to the infectious agent or its antigens(T/F).
5)Catergorise the two different types of acquired immunity and give the details of these two different types
Name an example of what humoral immunity would be important for
Name an example of what Cell mediated immunity would be important for
Define active and passive immunity and state the purpose of a vaccine
List the properties of a good vaccine, and describe the features of two of these properties
A good vaccine PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT TO HEALTH AT LOW COST AND LOW RISK(True/False)
T
Describe what happens in the four stages of vaccine clinical trials
define vaccine efficacy
where is vaccine efficacy determined
How is vaccine efficacy calculated , and how is it usually expressed
what is herd immunity)
use a sentence to summarise how herd immunity carries out its function
Toxoids will offer herd immunity_(T/F)_
F,
Toxoids will not offer herd immunity_(_
(in what scenario would herd immunity be irrelevant
Give an example to describe how herd immunity can be important
What is the endemic state state
There is a relationship between the basic reproduction number R0, vaccine effectiveness and coverag needed to reduce or eliminate disease(T/F)
T
Recall the equation needed to determine the minimum proportion of the population that must be immunised at birth (or close to) in order for the infection to die out in the population
Recall the equation for calculating the herd effect
Explain what is included in Vaccine Formulations
List and describe some of the features of the different categories of antigenic properties of vaccines(not sure about this one)
Recall the different vaccine subcategories
2)Describe what a live-attenuated vaccine is
)state the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines
Give examples of attenuated vaccines
Describe how the BCG vaccine is produces, and describe what is known about the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and problem with evaluating effectiveness of the BCG vaccine
State : the name of the pathogen that causes typhoid, how the pathogen is transmitted and how it causes disease. List the symptoms of typhoid fever.
What is the name of the typhoid vaccine- describe how it is produced
Describe the features of the typhoidvaccine itself and its administration that allows a smooth treatment using the vaccine
Describe the features of a killed whole cell vaccine
State the advantages and disadvantages of Killed Whole Cell Vaccines. Recall example of such vaccine
Describe the features of the antigens for the different vaccine subcategories.
Recall features of the tetanus and diphtheria toxin, and how the toxoid used for them is produced.
Describe what conjugate vaccines are)
12)List the advantages of using conjugate vaccines
Describe how conjugate vaccines can be prepared
How do conjugate vaccines work
describe the role of adjuvants)
Explain the role of adjuvant immune response
Explain the general categorisation of adjuvants
Define prophylaxis and therapy
Name two examples of successful virus vaccination and describe why one of them is successful
Describe the features of toxoid vaccines, the advantages of using them, and recall examples of diseases that they vaccinate against
Describe the different types of viral vaccines
Recall examples Human Virus Vaccines and the category they come under(less important)
Describe the process of Attenuation of Viruses to make Live Virus Vaccines
Recall Pros and cons of live vs inactivated viral vaccines
RECALL Examples of viruses for which both live and inactivated vaccines are available AND THE DETAILS EACH TYPE FOR THE VIRUSES(1)
- What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)
why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
who is the influenza vaccine given to)
- influenza evolves fast(why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
Describe in what cases you would each type of polio virus vaccine and why(3)
Describe the process of Making recombinant attenuated virus vaccines
What is Rotavirus Vaccine called , what type of vaccine is it , how is it used and why
Recall examples ofSubunit Vaccines
Describe the features of the Shingles Vaccine, how it is used and why
- The live attenuated vaccine is similar but distinct from the chicken pox vaccine given to children in some countries(T/F)
T
DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF INTERFERONS IN ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT HOW IT USED in healthcare AND WHY
Explain how viruses are targeted in general.
EXPLAIN THE ACTION OF Nucleoside Analogues IN VIRAL TREATMENT
DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF ACYCLOVIR IN VIRAL TREATMENT
Explain the TWO Strategies to Inhibit Influenza
- What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)
RECALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIV Treatment
Recall the different methods that can be used for
Hepatitis C Treatment
Why do viruses evolve fast)
explain what a quasi species is
Describe the impact of some of the mutations of viruses in human circulation0
How can the evolution of human viruses during human circulation be observed
Explain the purpose of using Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
List how new viruses may emerge
Explain the concept of antigenic drift
call Global influences of emerging viral infections
“Define the terms zoonosis and host range, and explain its consequences
Explain how viruses emerge and re-emerge using named examples, including influenza virus antigenic shift and drift, HIV, West Nile Virus, SARS and noroviruses.
Explain the principles of the evolution of drug resistant variants of viruses
Explain the process of antibody dependent enhancement of the infection in dengue fever
