Microbiology

Question 1

Explain the use of gram staining to identify bacteria

Answer 1

pg 127 laz;s notes

Question 2

Give the relevant immunological detail of a substance that is only present in gram negative bacteria

Answer 2

pg 128 Laz’s notes

Question 3

List the different techniques following gram stain that may be used to distinguish between bacteria

Answer 3

pg 128 Laz’s notes

Question 4

The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial (COMMENSAL), but some are pathogenic(True/False)

Answer 4

Laz’s notes, pg 128, True

Question 5

Recall examples of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mycobacteria

Answer 5

Laz’s notes,pg 128

Question 6

To be a pathogen you need to be able to(name five requirements):

Answer 6

Laz’s notes , pg 129

Question 7

Give examples of intra and extracellular bacteria

Answer 7

Laz’s notes, pg 129

Question 8

A lot of gram negative bacteria do not use the same method for invading host cells as salmonella(T/F). Summarise a method for the Invasion of host cells by salmonella

Answer 8

Laz’s notes,PG 130, FALSE

Question 9

Name Two related multi-protein machines required by Salmonella Motility and Invasion an that of d a large proportion of other gram negative bacteria that uses the same method:

Answer 9

Laz’s notes ,PG 130

Question 10

Describe the functions of flagella and Type III Secretion System

Answer 10

Laz’s notes,pg 130

Question 11

RECALL THE STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETORY SYSTEM(the diagram)

Answer 11

Laz’s notes, pg 131

Question 12

1)DESCRIBE AND THE EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETIRY SYSTEM

Answer 12

Laz’s notes ,131

Question 13

Describe and explain two examples of the manipulation of actin by bacteria, and identify the kind of bacteria that use such

Answer 13

Laz’s notes,131

Question 14

State two methods bacteria may use to get into a host cell(129-130)

Answer 14

Laz’s notes,(129-130)

Question 15

Describe the full details as to how structures as sophisticated as those involved in the invasion of host cells have evolved, include statistical evidence for these details?

Answer 15

Laz’s notes ,131

Question 16

How many proteins do bacteria encode and how many be described as non-accessory or non-pathogenic)

Answer 16

Laz’s notes ,131

Question 17

• Name the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:

Answer 17

Laz’s notes,132

Question 18

State a major activity by bacteria associated with DNA that allows them to overcome our immune system

Answer 18

Laz’s notes,132

Question 19

• Describe the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:

Answer 19

Laz’s notes ,132

Question 20

Define PATHOGENICITY ISLAND

Answer 20

Laz’s notes,133

Question 21

Verticacl gene transfer is the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown. (T/F)

Answer 21

Laz’s notes,F,PATHOGENICITY ISLAND are the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown

Question 22

As they have access to a huge variety of DNA through horizontal gene transmission, bacteria occupy a huge component of the biodiversity in the world(true/false)

Answer 22

Laz’s notes, true,pg 144

Question 23

Name the Intrinsic Sources of Bacterial infections and identify the sources where you would expect bacteria

Answer 23

Laz’s notes,134

Question 24

the SMALL INTESTINE you get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA and gram positive bacteria(True/False)

Answer 24

Laz’s notes ,F, the SMALL INTESTINE you only get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA,134

Question 25

Name the viruses and bacteria for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 25

Laz’s notes,134

Question 26

Infections targeting the upper respiratory tract - usually extrinsically-acquired from respiratory tract droplets or airborne(T/F)

Answer 26

Laz’s notes,T,134

Question 27

Hand transmission can act as an intermediate for Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract(True/False)

Answer 27

Laz’s notes ,T,134

Question 28

Describe Consequences of bacterial infection acquired via the upper respiratory tract

Answer 28

Laz’s notes,135

Question 29

For portal of Entry - Urogenital Tract,dissect the sources of bacteria and name the bacteria that go through these sources

Answer 29

Laz’s notes,135

Question 30

What is needed to acquire an infection through the skin, give examples of causes of broken skin.

Answer 30

Laz’s notes,135

Question 31

• Name Infections Targeting Broken Skin, and describe where relevant of feature of these infections:

Answer 31

Laz’s notes,136

Question 32

• Describe the consequences** **of infection via broken skin

Answer 32

Laz’s notes ,136

Question 33

What is the main cause of infection via broken skin)

Answer 33

136,Laz’s notes

Question 34

Name the viruses,bacteria and the toxins for Portal of Entry: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract (‘faeco-oral route’)

Answer 34

Laz’s notes,136

Question 35

• Describe the** **Consequences of infection via the GI tract

Answer 35

Laz’s notes,136

Question 36

What is significant about of the consequences of listeria infection via the GI tract

Answer 36

Laz’s notes,137

Question 37

Define the following(pathogenicity, commensal, true pathogen, opportunistic pathogen,infectivity,virulence, infectious dose

Answer 37

Laz’s notes,137

Question 38

List the factors involved in infectivity

Answer 38

Laz’s notes ,137

Question 39

Analyse 3 examples of a pathogens that has a feature that increases it virulence

Answer 39

Laz’s notes ,137

Question 40

List features that enhance virulence

Answer 40

Laz’s notes,137

Question 41

List the features that infectious dose is affected by

Answer 41

Laz’s notes,138

Question 42

Give** **Infectious Disease Examples and describe how they produce their infection by Portal of Entry

Answer 42

Laz’s notes,138

Question 43

Reacall examples of gram positive and gram negative Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens, and explain them

Answer 43

Laz’s notes,139

Question 44

Define Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidAL

Answer 44

Laz’s notes,140

Question 45

Define resistance , breakpoint and minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 45

Laz’s notes,141

Question 46

Explain the relationship between breakpoint and resistance

Answer 46

Laz’s notes ,141

Question 47

Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals(T/F)

Answer 47

Laz’s notes ,T

Question 48

Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals.(State two exceptions to this rule and explain one of these exceptions)

Answer 48

Laz’s notes,141

Question 49

Recall Diseases caused by the drug resistant bacteria, identify whether they are gram positive and gram negative recall features of the diseases where relevant (i.e. portal of entry , consequences and drugs that are used in their treatment )

Answer 49

Laz’s notes

Question 50

what is the common/ general mechanism for the role of antibiotics)

Answer 50

Laz’s notes,142

Question 51

Describe the mechanism of action of seven antibiotic sub-groups

Answer 51

Laz’s notes,142

Question 52

Name four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:

Answer 52

Laz’s notes ,145

Question 53

Explain how Altered Target Site can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen

Answer 53

Laz’s notes ,145

Question 54

Explain how Inactivation of Antibiotic can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen

Answer 54

Laz’s notes,146

Question 55

What would the term ‘broad spectrum’ mean?

Answer 55

Laz’s notes,146

Question 56

Explain how altered metabolism can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen

Answer 56

Laz’s notes ,146

Question 57

Explain how Decreased Drug Accumulation can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen

Answer 57

Laz’s notes ,146

Question 58

Summarise five real life mechanism for resistance mechanisms, state the antibiotic or type of antibiotic they act on , and state the method of acquisition of the genes for this.

Answer 58

Laz’s notes,147

Question 59

Recall what a transposon is

Answer 59

Laz’s notes,147

Question 60

Recall the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Answer 60

Laz’s notes,147

Question 61

Horizontal gene transfer allows the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance (T/F)

Answer 61

Laz’s notes,149

Question 62

State five reasons for treatment failure other than Antibiotic resistance

Answer 62

Laz’s notes ,148

Question 63

Strong selective pressures in hospitals are due to the regular use of antibiotics(True/False )

Answer 63

Laz’s notes ,True

Question 64

Name eight Hospital Acquired Infection Examples

Answer 64

Laz’s notes,148

Question 65

• Name seven** **Risk Factors for HAI:

Answer 65

Laz’s notes,,148

Question 66

A doctor came up to me and said that he would like to find a way fof monitoring the amount of Streptococcus pyogenes in the nose, so that he can ensure amounts are kept within normal levels for patiets being treated in antibiotic . Explain why what the doctor is trying to do is useful?

Answer 66

Laz’s notes,148

Question 67

Give examples of ways for preventing** **the emergence of drug resistance bacteria and nosocomial infections

Answer 67

Laz’s notes ,149

Question 68

How main phyla does the fungi kingdom consist of and what are the names of these phyla

Answer 68

Laz’s notes,150

Question 69

How many serious fungal infections of humans are there?)

Answer 69

Laz’s notes,150

Question 70

Describe the distribution of serious fungal infections of humans in terms of their phyla

Answer 70

Laz’s notes ,150

Question 71

Describe how crytococci can get into the body, which cells may mop them up and where they can get to and why?

Answer 71

Laz’s notes,150

Question 72

Summarise how fungi deal with their food source

Answer 72

Laz’s notes ,150

Question 73

Describe spore** **dispersal in fungi

Answer 73

Laz’s notes ,150

Question 74

Name** **Three Types of Illness caused by Fungi

Answer 74

Laz’s notes ,150

Question 75

Recall examples of fungal allergies:

Answer 75

Laz’s notes ,151

Question 76

Define Mycotoxicoses)

Answer 76

Laz’s notes,151

Question 77

What are mycotoxins)

Answer 77

Laz’s notes,151

Question 78

• Recall symptoms of mycotoxicoses:

Answer 78

Laz’s notes

Question 79

what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis

Answer 79

Laz’s notes,151

Question 80

What produce aflatoxin , and what is special about it compared to other rcpmpounds, and give an example of its effect on the body

Answer 80

Laz’s notes,151

Question 81

What is a mycose

Answer 81

Laz’s notes ,151

Question 82

Describe what superficial mycoses are and give examples of them.

Answer 82

Laz’s notes,152

Question 83

Describe what cutaneous mycoses are( double check info here) and give examples of them.

Answer 83

Laz’s notes,152

Question 84

define subcutaneous mycoses

Answer 84

Laz’s notes ,153

Question 85

what is a mycetoma

Answer 85

Laz’s notes,153

Question 86

• Give examples of deep / systemic mycoses

Answer 86

Laz’s notes,153

Question 87

What is significant about the relation between fungal infections and transplant settings.give an example of a particular fungal infection

Answer 87

Laz’s notes,153

Question 88

Describe and explain where relevant how Candida can interact with us under different circumstances

Answer 88

Laz’s notes ,154

Question 89

DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS

Answer 89

Laz’s notes,154

Question 90

DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

Answer 90

Laz’s notes,155

Question 91

Three targets for treating fungal infection are:

Answer 91

Laz’s notes

Question 92

Describe features of the targets for antifungal infection

Answer 92

Laz’s notes,155

Question 93

Explain and Categorise the functions of antifungal treatment, include specific examples in your answer

Answer 93

Laz’s notes

Question 94

Describe a procedure that can be used to check that a microorganism causes a disease and name this procedure.

Question 95

(Definition of a Virus

Question 96

Definition of Obligate)

Question 97

Describe the two main types of virus morphologies

Question 98

How can viruses be named( less important)

Question 99

RECALL THE FULL DETAILS OF THE MAIN WAY FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES. WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THIS

Question 100

Summarise the different ways of the joint process of transcription and translation in viruses

Question 101

Describe the defining feature of a retrovirus

Question 102

Recall two anti-herpes virus drugs and two anti-influenza virus drugs and a retroviral drug

Question 103

Summarise the consequences of the Viral Genome Type

Question 104

Recall the details of a generic virus replication cycle

Question 105

What is the difference between VIRUS AND A VIRION?

Question 106

Describe the the Replication Cycle of HIV-1

Question 107

Describe The Replication of Ebola Virus

Question 108

Describe how the action of viruses can be investigated in the labarotary and explain the usual results viewed once viruses are investigated.

Question 109

Describe and explain two different ways of investigating viral presence other than the use of plaques formation

Question 110

Describe and explain the Single Step Growth Kinetics of a Virus

Question 110

Summarise the different ways of Viral Diagnosis(not very important)

Question 111

Describe how antiviral vaccines can be formed

Question 112

Describe how to culture norovirus in the lab

Question 113

Define tropism and explain its determinant (using a definition of its determinants)

Question 114

Describe the receptor attachment involved in HIV

Question 115

How can people who exposed to HIV not be affected by the virus and describe how this can change in HIV replication

Question 116

Describe the measles virus receptor use, tropism and pathogenesis

Question 117

Give two examples of viruses whose tropism are determined by receptor use)

Question 118

(give an example of virus whose tropism is not determined by receptor use)

Question 119

Explain the determination of tropism of influenza

Question 120

What is the difference between the underlying dterminants influenza and HIV & measle

Question 121

Explain how influenza tropism can be extended

Question 122

Explain what determines the outcome of a virus infection

Question 123

Transmission Terminology

Define the following terms: latrogenic , nosocomial, vertical, horizontal, germ line

Question 124

Recall the difference bwetween vertical and horizontal DNA transmission

Vertical DNA transmission

Question 125

)Summarise how you can get Viral Rashes

Question 126

Define incubation period

Question 127

Describe and explain how the varicella zoster virus can act on a human from its initial infection over a lifetime(include details of the days events occur)

Question 128

Recall the ways of describing the patterns of viral infection, and what they mean

Question 129

2)Recall the classifation of the pattern of viral infection( pg 249 ibook to help)

Question 130

Describe Strategies of Viral Persistence

Question 131

Explain the concept of latency, using the example of the Herpes Simplex Virus to illustrate your answer

Question 132

Explain the how viruses may cause cancer

Question 133

How does papillomaviruses cause cancer

Question 134

how were Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV or HHV8) and Merkel Cell Polyoma first discovered

Question 135

what causes hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 136

HBV is a hepadnavirus (has a DNA genome) but it uses reverse transcriptase during a stage in its life cycle (T/F)

Answer 136

T

Question 137

There is a vaccine for HBV and HCV(T/F)

Answer 137

There is a vaccine for HBV and no vaccine for HCV

Question 138

1)Recall examples of diseases for the different patterns of viral infection

Question 139

HCV and HBV is a blood borne virus(T/F)

Answer 139

T

Question 140

• 55% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(T/F)

Answer 140

• 95% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(,F

Question 141

Postulate possible consequences of infections with EBV

Question 142

Which cell type does the Epstein Barr Virus most commonly affect, and what are symptoms-what is the genric name for the symtomes?

Question 143

Outcome of infection can vary depending on(state seven

Question 144

Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection

Question 145

Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection

Question 146

Using an example, illustrate how Viral Load may affect outcome of virus infection

Question 147

Use two examples to illustrate how Co-Infections

may affect outcome of virus infection

Question 148

Use two examples to illustrate how Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility may affect outcome of virus infection

Question 149

Recall Predisposing Co-morbidities and Conditions for viral infections

Question 150

Describe Host Defence against infectious agents

Question 151

Describe Non-immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents

Question 152

Describe immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents

Question 153

Describe the features of acquired immunity

Question 154

Vaccines are primarily aimed at eliciting acquired immunity which requires exposure to the infectious agent or its antigens(T/F).

Question 155

5)Catergorise the two different types of acquired immunity and give the details of these two different types

Question 156

Name an example of what humoral immunity would be important for

Question 157

Name an example of what Cell mediated immunity would be important for

Question 158

Define active and passive immunity and state the purpose of a vaccine

Question 159

List the properties of a good vaccine, and describe the features of two of these properties

Question 160

A good vaccine PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT TO HEALTH AT LOW COST AND LOW RISK(True/False)

Answer 160

T

Question 161

Describe what happens in the four stages of vaccine clinical trials

Question 162

define vaccine efficacy

Question 163

where is vaccine efficacy determined

Question 164

How is vaccine efficacy calculated , and how is it usually expressed

Question 165

what is herd immunity)

Question 166

use a sentence to summarise how herd immunity carries out its function

Question 167

Toxoids will offer herd immunity_(T/F)_

Answer 167

F,

Toxoids will not offer herd immunity_(_

Question 168

(in what scenario would herd immunity be irrelevant

Question 169

Give an example to describe how herd immunity can be important

Question 170

What is the endemic state state

Question 171

There is a relationship between the basic reproduction number R₀, vaccine effectiveness and coverag needed to reduce or eliminate disease(T/F)

Answer 171

T

Question 172

Recall the equation needed to determine the minimum proportion of the population that must be immunised at birth (or close to) in order for the infection to die out in the population

Question 173

Recall the equation for calculating the herd effect

Question 174

Explain what is included in Vaccine Formulations

Question 175

List and describe some of the features of the different categories of antigenic properties of vaccines(not sure about this one)

Question 176

Recall the different vaccine subcategories

Question 177

2)Describe what a live-attenuated vaccine is

Question 178

)state the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines

Question 179

Give examples of attenuated vaccines

Question 180

Describe how the BCG vaccine is produces, and describe what is known about the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and problem with evaluating effectiveness of the BCG vaccine

Question 181

State : the name of the pathogen that causes typhoid, how the pathogen is transmitted and how it causes disease. List the symptoms of typhoid fever.

Question 182

What is the name of the typhoid vaccine- describe how it is produced

Question 183

Describe the features of the typhoidvaccine itself and its administration that allows a smooth treatment using the vaccine

Question 184

Describe the features of a killed whole cell vaccine

Question 185

State the advantages and disadvantages of Killed Whole Cell Vaccines. Recall example of such vaccine

Question 186

Describe the features of the antigens for the different vaccine subcategories.

Question 187

Recall features of the tetanus and diphtheria toxin, and how the toxoid used for them is produced.

Question 188

Describe what conjugate vaccines are)

12)List the advantages of using conjugate vaccines

Question 189

Describe how conjugate vaccines can be prepared

Question 190

How do conjugate vaccines work

Question 191

describe the role of adjuvants)

Question 192

Explain the role of adjuvant immune response

Question 193

Explain the general categorisation of adjuvants

Question 194

Define prophylaxis and therapy

Question 195

Name two examples of successful virus vaccination and describe why one of them is successful

Question 196

Describe the features of toxoid vaccines, the advantages of using them, and recall examples of diseases that they vaccinate against

Question 197

Describe the different types of viral vaccines

Question 198

Recall examples Human Virus Vaccines and the category they come under(less important)

Question 199

Describe the process of Attenuation of Viruses to make Live Virus Vaccines

Question 200

Recall Pros and cons of live vs inactivated viral vaccines

Question 201

RECALL Examples of viruses for which both live and inactivated vaccines are available AND THE DETAILS EACH TYPE FOR THE VIRUSES(1)

Question 202

• What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)

Question 203

why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)

Question 204

who is the influenza vaccine given to)

Question 205

• influenza evolves fast(why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)

Question 206

Describe in what cases you would each type of polio virus vaccine and why(3)

Question 207

Describe the process of Making recombinant attenuated virus vaccines

Question 208

What is Rotavirus Vaccine called , what type of vaccine is it , how is it used and why

Question 209

Recall examples ofSubunit Vaccines

Question 210

Describe the features of the Shingles Vaccine, how it is used and why

Question 211

• The live attenuated vaccine is similar but distinct from the chicken pox vaccine given to children in some countries(T/F)

Answer 211

T

Question 211

DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF INTERFERONS IN ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT HOW IT USED in healthcare AND WHY

Question 212

Explain how viruses are targeted in general.

Question 213

EXPLAIN THE ACTION OF Nucleoside Analogues IN VIRAL TREATMENT

Question 214

DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF ACYCLOVIR IN VIRAL TREATMENT

Question 215

Explain the TWO Strategies to Inhibit Influenza

Question 215

• What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)

Question 216

RECALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIV Treatment

Question 217

Recall the different methods that can be used for

Hepatitis C Treatment

Question 218

Why do viruses evolve fast)

Question 219

explain what a quasi species is

Question 220

Describe the impact of some of the mutations of viruses in human circulation0

Question 221

How can the evolution of human viruses during human circulation be observed

Question 222

Explain the purpose of using Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Question 223

List how new viruses may emerge

Question 224

Explain the concept of antigenic drift

Question 225

call Global influences of emerging viral infections

Question 226

“Define the terms zoonosis and host range, and explain its consequences

Question 227

Explain how viruses emerge and re-emerge using named examples, including influenza virus antigenic shift and drift, HIV, West Nile Virus, SARS and noroviruses.

Question 228

Explain the principles of the evolution of drug resistant variants of viruses

Question 229

Explain the process of antibody dependent enhancement of the infection in dengue fever