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DHBS 365 > Microbiology: A Focus on Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses > Flashcards

Microbiology: A Focus on Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Microbes live on and within the human body

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2
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both species benefit

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3
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One benefits, the other is not harmed

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4
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One benefits, the other is harmed

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5
Q

What does PCR do?

A

Tests for specific gene in a complex

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6
Q

What is the first line of defense that pathogens need to get past?

A

Epithelium

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7
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time it takes the pathogen to enter the body and show the first symptom

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8
Q

What are the factors that influence the incubation period?

A
  • Health of host
  • Growth rate of pathogen
  • Degree of exposure
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9
Q

What are two adhesion mechanisms of pathogens?

A

Pili and fimbrae

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10
Q

What is an acute infection?

A
  • Symptoms develop quickly
  • Clears quickly
  • Host has immunity for reinfection
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11
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A
  • Symptoms develop slowly
  • Can last months to years
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12
Q

What is a latent/persistent infection?

A

Illness never goes away, becomes dormant in the body and can be awakened with low immunity

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13
Q

What transmission is person to person?

A

Horizontal transmission

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14
Q

What transmission is mother to baby?

A

Vertical transmission

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15
Q

What transmission is from an animal or arthropod?

A

Vector transmission

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16
Q

What is the degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen?

A

Virulence

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17
Q

What factors determine virulence of a pathogen?

A

Ability to invade and multiply within the host

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18
Q

What are factors within the host that can influence a pathogen’s virulence?

A
  • Diet
  • Hormones
  • Hygiene
  • Health
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19
Q

What is a strict pathogen?

A

Always causes disease

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20
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Already part of normal microbial flora, takes advantage of weakened immune system

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21
Q

How do bacterial cells hold their genetic information?

A
  • No nucleus
  • Chromosomes form a nucleotide
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22
Q

Are bacterial cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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23
Q

What is the spherical shape of a bacterial cell classified as?

A

Cocci

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24
Q

What is a diplococcus?

A

Pair of cocci cells

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25
Q

What is a streptococcus?

A

Chain of cocci cells

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26
Q

What is a staphylococcus?

A

Pyramidal shape of cocci cells

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27
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

4 cocci cells

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28
Q

What is a sarina?

A

Cube of eight cocci

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29
Q

What is a rod shaped cell classified as?

A

Bacilli

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30
Q

What is a diplobacilli?

A

Two bacilli cells

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31
Q

What is a streptobacilli?

A

Chain of bacilli cells

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32
Q

What is a palisades?

A

Looks like dominos of bacilli cells together

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33
Q

What is the intermediate shape between coccus and bacillus called?

A

Coccobacilli

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34
Q

What is a vibrio?

A

Curved or comma-shaped rod

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35
Q

What is a spirillum?

A

Thick, rigid spiral

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36
Q

What is a spirochete?

A

Thin, flexible spiral

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37
Q

What is it called when a bacterial cell does not have any characteristic shape and can change their shape?

A

Pleomorphic

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38
Q

What does gram positive stain?

A

Purple, retains crystal violet from iodine

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39
Q

What does gram negative stain as?

A

Pink, does not retain crystal violent and appears transparent (counter stain is pink)

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40
Q

What type of cells have a large peptidoglycan wall?

A

Gram positive

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41
Q

What type of cells have a lipopolysaccharide layer?

A

Gram negative

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42
Q

What type of cells have an outer membrane?

A

Gram negative

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43
Q

What is the LPS layer made out of?

A

Lipids and carbohydrates

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44
Q

What is peptidoglycan made out of?

A

Sugar and amino acids

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45
Q

Can the LPS play a role in a pathogen’s ability to cause disease?

A

Yes

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46
Q

Is gram positive or negative cells more resistant to antibiotics? Why?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Has impenetrable cell wall
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47
Q

Do gram negative or gram positive develop resistance to antibiotics more quickly?

A

Gram negative

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48
Q

Can all bacteria be reliably classified through gram staining?

A

No

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49
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

Acid loving, grow optimally around pH of 2

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50
Q

What are alkalophiles?

A

Base loving, grow well at pH values near 10

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51
Q

What aciduric?

A

Acid tolerant, can survive in acidic conditions but do not necessarily grow

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52
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

Prokaryotes that grow very poorly at temperatures above 15 degrees C

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53
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Thrive at 100 degrees C

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54
Q

What structure covers the outer layer of the cell wall and is composed of polysaccharides?

A

Capsule

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55
Q

What is a virulence factor that mediates attachment of bacterium to host tissues?

A

Capsule

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56
Q

What structure can inhibit phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Capsule

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57
Q

What is one of the causative agents of dental caries?

A

Streptococcus mutans

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58
Q

How do Streptococcus mutans attach to the tooth surface?

A

Capsule

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59
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

Some bacteria have a loosely adherent colloidal material that they secrete, usually similar to the capsule

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60
Q

What are pili?

A

Long hair-like tubular microfibers

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61
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Bristle-like short fibers

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62
Q

What do pili and fimbrae do?

A
  • Attachment
  • Transfer of DNA
  • Mobility
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63
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative cells have pili and fimbrae?

A

Gram negative only

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64
Q

Where does the flagella extend from?

A

Interior cell body, not from the capsule

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65
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

Mobility

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66
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative cells have flagella?

A

Both

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67
Q

What is the initial phase characterized by cellular activity but no growth?

A

Lag phase

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68
Q

What happens to the cells in the lag phase?

A

Cells increase in size but there is no cellular division

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69
Q

What phase do cells divide by binary fission and the metabolic activity is high?

A

Exponential/log phase

70
Q

What phase are antibiotics and disinfectants are most effective in?

A

Exponential/log phase

71
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau

72
Q

What phase has the same number of cells dividing is the same number of cells dying?

A

Stationary phase

73
Q

What happens to the number of cells in the death phase?

A

Number of living cells decrease exponentially

74
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative cells have the ability to produce spores?

A

Gram positive

75
Q

When are spores formed?

A

Under adverse environmental conditions

76
Q

What is the function of spores?

A

Protect DNA against heat, radiation, and attack by most enzymes and chemicals

77
Q

What type of bacteria require oxygen for basic survival, growth, and reproduction?

A

Aerobic bacteria

78
Q

What bacteria don’t require oxygen for growth?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

79
Q

What is an obligatory anaerobe?

A

Bacteria can’t survive and multiply in the presence of oxygen

80
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Bacteria can survive with or without oxygen but may use it for their growth if available

81
Q

What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?

A

Bacteria can’t use oxygen for their growth but are not harmed by it

82
Q

In a test tube, where do obligate aerobes migrate towards?

A

Gather at the top of the test tube, can only grow at the surface

83
Q

In a test tube, where do facultative anaerobes migrate towards?

A

Spread throughout, often with heavier growth at the top

84
Q

In a test tube, where do obligate anaerobes migrate towards?

A

Gather at the bottom, can only grow here

85
Q

In a test tube, where do aerotolerant anaerobes migrate towards?

A

Relatively low growth throughout the whole test tube

86
Q

In a test tube, where do microaerophiles migrate towards?

A

Grow just below the surface

87
Q

What does bacterial metabolism need?

A

Glucose

88
Q

Does fermentation require oxygen?

A

No

89
Q

What process starts with the conversion of glucose?

A

Glycolysis

90
Q

What conditions does glycolysis occur under in regards to oxygen?

A

Occurs in aerobic and anaerobic conditions

91
Q

What conditions does fermentation occur under in regard to oxygen?

A

Anaerobic only

92
Q

What process concerts pyruvate to various end products such as ethanol and lactic acid?

A

Fermentation

93
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative cells release endotoxins?

A

Gram negative

94
Q

What are the two ways that bacteria cause disease?

A
  • Release of exotoxins
  • Bacteria inhibit phagocytosis of immune cells
95
Q

What is the first way bacteria cause disease?

A

Release of exotoxins

96
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative release exotoxins?

A

Both

97
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

Bursting of host cells from osmotic pressure

98
Q

How do exotoxins work?

A

Receptor binding proteins cause cell death or change in function

99
Q

What do exotoxins release?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Gas
  • Acids
  • Toxins
100
Q

What structures can an exotoxin be encoded on?

A

Plasmid or bacteriophage

101
Q

How do bacterial cells communicate?

A

Quorum sensing

102
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer picks up free genetic information and brings it into the cell?

A

Transformation

103
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer uses a pili to transfer information between two cells?

A

Conjugation

104
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer uses a bacteriophage to share genetic information?

A

Transduction

105
Q

What type of cell uses conjugation as their method of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Gram negative

106
Q

What causes DNA to be stronger?

A

Plasma

107
Q

What is the second step for bacteria to cause disease?

A

Inhibiting phagocytosis

108
Q

How do bacteria inhibit phagocytosis?

A

Protein attaches to the antibody and stops it from being eaten

109
Q

Do immunocompromised patients need more or less bacterial cells to become infected?

A

Less

110
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

111
Q

Do fungi like basic or acidic environments?

A

Acidic

112
Q

An imbalance in what type of bacteria in the microflora could create a more acidic environment, and therefore allow fungi to grow?

A

Gram positive

113
Q

What immune cell directly response to fungal infections?

A

TH17

114
Q

What is a toxin on the fungal cell wall that the immune system may recognize?

A

Zymosan

115
Q

What immune cells are associated with malaria infections?

A

TH1 and TH2

116
Q

What drug is made from fungi?

A

Penicillium

117
Q

Are fungi strict or opportunistic pathogens?

A

Opportunistic

118
Q

What are oblige intracellular “parasites”?

A

Viruses

119
Q

What features do viruses lack to be considered “living”?

A
  • Do not reproduce on their own
  • Do not maintain metabolism to gain energy on their own
120
Q

What type of virus is typically more virulent?

A

Non-enveloped virus

121
Q

How do non-enveloped viruses attack a host?

A

Cause host cell lysis, most common exit mode from host cell

122
Q

What type of viruses are more resistant to extreme pH, heat, dryness, and simple disinfectants?

A

Non-enveloped viruses

123
Q

How do non-enveloped viruses spread?

A

Fomites, hand to hand, and by small droplets

124
Q

What extra structure do enveloped viruses have?

A

Outer membrane that surrounds the capsid

125
Q

What process do enveloped viruses avoid, and therefore causes them to be less virulent?

A

Cell lysing

126
Q

What type of virus is more sensitive to the environment and is not expected to be found in the GI tract?

A

Enveloped viruses

127
Q

How do enveloped viruses spread?

A
  • Large droplets
  • Secretions
  • Organ transplant
  • Blood transfusion
128
Q

Where does replication for DNA viruses occur?

A

In the nucleus

129
Q

Are DNA viruses single or double stranded?

A

Double usually

130
Q

What has to happen before proteins are synthesized in DNA viruses?

A

Transcription

131
Q

A few DNA viruses can replicate in the cytoplasm because they have this structure?
(this is the exception not the rule)

A

They carry polymerases

132
Q

What are the steps that DNA viruses go through to create proteins?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • mRNA (transcription)
  • Proteins
133
Q

What are the steps that RNA viruses go through to create proteins?

A
  • DNA
  • mRNA
  • Proteins
134
Q

Are RNA viruses single or double stranded?

A

Single usually

135
Q

Are DNA or RNA viruses faster and more virulent?

A

RNA viruses

136
Q

Where does replication occur in RNA viruses?

A

Cytoplasm

137
Q

What is a positive strand RNA virus?

A

RNA virus that serve as mRNA and can immediately translate into proteins

138
Q

Is a positive or negative stand RNA viruses faster and more virulent?

A

Positive strand RNA virus

139
Q

What is a negative strand RNA virus?

A

Viral RNA must first be transcribed into the mRNA that can be translated into proteins

140
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

Reverse normal transcription, goes from RNA to DNA

141
Q

HIV is an example of what kind of virus? What does it target specifically?

A
  • Retrovirus
  • Targets Helper T cells
142
Q

What type of virus is HPV an example of?

A

DNA virus

143
Q

What type of virus is herpes 1 and 2 an example of?

A

DNA virus

144
Q

What type of virus is Varicella an example of?

A

DNA virus

145
Q

What type of virus is Hep C an example of?

A

RNA virus

146
Q

What type of virus is Coronavirus an example of?

A

RNA virus

147
Q

What are the 7 steps for virus replication?

A
  • Attachment
  • Penetration
  • Uncoating
  • Replication
  • Assembly
  • Maturation
  • Release
148
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the 7 steps for virus replication?

A

A PURple Apple Might Redded

149
Q

What happens in the attachment step of virus replication?

A

Binding of the virus to the host cell, mediated by specific receptor molecules in the plasma membrane

150
Q

What does HIV bind to in the attachment step of virus replication?

A

CD4 receptors

151
Q

What happens in the penetration step of virus replication?

A

Virus crosses the plasma membrane, requires energy from host cell

152
Q

What are the two ways a virus can enter the cell through virus replication?

A

Endocytosis or phagocytosis

153
Q

What happens in the unceasing step of virus replication?

A

Breakdown of the capsid, causes release of the virus genome into the cell

154
Q

What happens in the replication step of virus replication?

A

Virus genome is copied

155
Q

What happens in the assembly step of virus replication?

A

Newly synthesized components are collected and are assembled into an immature virus particle

156
Q

What happens in the maturation step of virus replication?

A

Final changes within an immature vision that result in infectious virus particle

157
Q

What structure often changes in the maturation step?

A

Structural capsid

158
Q

What happens in the release step of virus replication?

A

Release of vision into extracellular environment where it can continue the cycle

159
Q

What are three ways a virus can be released from a host cell?

A
  • Budding
  • Lysis
  • Exocytosis
160
Q

What cycle makes more virions?

A

Lytic cycle

161
Q

What cycle releases more bacteriophages?

A

Lytic cycle

162
Q

What is the period between the infection of the host cell and lysing called?

A

Latent period

163
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell

164
Q

What is the period where the host cell lives and does not show signs of infection?

A

Dormant period

165
Q

What immune cells stick to the surface of pathogens, prevent them from attaching to host cells, and targets pathogens for destruction?

A

B cells

166
Q

What immune cells help activate B cells?

A

Helper T cells

167
Q

What immune cells directly kill pathogens and infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

168
Q

Is it easier or harder to treat fungal infections? Why?

A
  • Harder
  • Our cells are similar to fungal cells
169
Q

Are viruses harder or easier to treat? Why?

A
  • Harder
  • They are inside our cells
170
Q

Are bacterial cells harder or easier to treat? Why?

A
  • Easier
  • We have many mechanisms to recognize them
171
Q

In order, what are the most difficult pathogens to treat?

A
  • Fungi
  • Viral
  • Bacterial

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