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DHBS 365 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate defense

A
  • You can produce prior to exposure by a specific pathogen
  • Does not require change to DNA/genes
  • All organisms have a form of innate immunity
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2
Q

Innate immunity consist of…

A
  • Inflammatory response
  • Cells (such as leukocytes) and molecules
  • Complement system
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3
Q

Adaptive immunity consist of…

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
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4
Q

External immunity

A
  • Barriers that prevent pathogens from entering body
  • Skin, hair, cilia
  • Mucus membranes
  • Chemical secretions
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5
Q

Internal immunity

A
  • Body’s defenses once pathogen is inside
  • Inflammatory responses
  • Complement proteins
  • Phagocytic cells
  • NK cells
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6
Q

Layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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7
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  • Trap pathogens that enter through skin
  • Secrete lysozymes
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8
Q

Lysozymes

A
  • In mucous membranes
  • Antimicrobial proteins that nonspecifically break down bacterial cell walls
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9
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • In skin
  • Produces oil/sebum as a physical barrier to pathogens
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10
Q

Cilia

A
  • Hair-like projections in respiratory tract
  • Sweep away pathogens
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11
Q

Stomach acid

A

Gastric acid kills many microbes with low pH

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12
Q

Symbiotic bacteria

A

Help keep us alive by out-competing other hostile bacteria

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13
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  • Happens if physical barrier is broken
  • Injury site reddens and swells up
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14
Q

Mast cells

A
  • Sound the alarm
  • WBCs that sit in the tissue
  • Once injury happens, injured cells and mast cells produce histamine
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15
Q

Histamine

A
  • Dilates nearby capillaries and make capillary walls more permeable
  • Immune cells can get to site of injury
  • Increases blood flow in capillaries
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16
Q

Swelling

A

From permeable capillaries, blood vessels become leaky and fluid starts accumulating in nearby tissues

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17
Q

Pain from inflammation

A

Swollen areas exert pressure on free nerve endings, continuous pain

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18
Q

SLIPR

A
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
  • Increased heat
  • Pain
  • Redness
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19
Q

Fever

A
  • Turned on/off by brain, systemic response
  • Body temperature increases to hinder growth and kill pathogens
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20
Q

Functions of inflammation

A
  • Elimination of the initial cause of infection or cell injury
  • Clearance of damaged cells
  • Initiation of tissue repair
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21
Q

Diapedesis

A
  • Process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues
  • Happens at site of injury
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22
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Moving to a location in response to a chemical signal

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23
Q

WBCs go to injury site because of…

A

Chemical signals

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24
Q

Cells of the innate immune system include…

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Monocytes/macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
  • Natural killer cells
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25
Q

Platelets

A
  • No nucleus, called anucleate
  • Helps activate immune system
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26
Q

Platelet functions include…

A
  • Regulate the regulation/ maturation of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
  • Act as immune system’s first responder when foreign entities enter bloodstream
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27
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes that have granules that contain antimicrobial molecules, like enzymes and proteins

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28
Q

Granulocytes include…

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
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29
Q

5 main types of leukocytes are…

A
  • Neutrophils: Highest number
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes/macrophages
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophils: Lowest number
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30
Q

Mnemonic for number of leukocytes circulating in blood from highest number to lowest number

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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31
Q

Most numerous leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils, 40-70%

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32
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • One of the first cells recruited to inflammation site
  • Phagocytes: Eat and destroy pathogens
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33
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Identify and acquire target before killing it
  • Three types: B cells, T cells, NK cells
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34
Q

NK cells

A
  • Innate response
  • Attack and kill virus infected cells or cancerous body cells
35
Q

What are NK cell’s two main weapons?

A

Perforin and granzymes

36
Q

Perforin

A

Pokes holes in pathogenic cell membranes, leads to cell lysis

37
Q

Granzymes

A

Proteases stimulates a target cell to undergo apoptosis, useful for killing cancer cells

38
Q

Monocytes

A

In the blood vessels

39
Q

Macrophages

A

In infected tissues

40
Q

Monocytes/macrophages functions?

A
  • Phagocytes that eat pathogens nonspecifically
  • Later serve as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity
41
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Cytoplasms are filled with granules which contain proteins that are released to kill pathogens
  • Effective against parasites
42
Q

Least numerous leukocyte?

A
  • Basophils
  • Less than 1%
43
Q

Basophils

A

Contains granules that can be released to nearby tissues, includes histamine and heparin

44
Q

Heparin

A
  • In granules of basophils
  • Are anticoagulants, prevents blood from clotting too quickly
45
Q

Basophils vs mast cells?

A
  • Basophils leave bone marrow as mature cells and circulate in blood
  • Mast cells leave bone marrow and circulate in blood as immature cells, mature when they enter tissue
46
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • Pinocytosis while surveilling the tissue
  • Phagocytosis when pathogen is detected
  • Antigen presenting cells: Go to lymph nodes to activate adaptive immunity
47
Q

What do macrophages and dendritic cells use?

A
  • Toll like receptors to recognize microbes
  • Triggers phagocytosis and other elements after binding occurs
48
Q

How do innate immune cells recognize invaders?

A

Pattern-recognition receptors

49
Q

MAMPs

A

Microbe associated molecular patterns

50
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

51
Q

Pattern-recognition receptors bind to what to stimulate innate immunity and inflammatory responses?

A

MAMPs

52
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

53
Q

What do DAMPs do?

A
  • Endogenous stress signals when inflammation is induced by noninfectious causes such as trauma
  • Act as generic markers for cell damage or death by binding and activating PRRs
54
Q

Toll like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • Innate immune system
  • Most studied PRR family
  • Senses distinct types of MAMPs, thus conferring a degree of specificity to the innate response
55
Q

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptors (NLRs):

A

Recognize a wide variety of MAMPs and DAMPs

56
Q

RIG-I like receptors

A
  • Expressed by both immune and nonimmune cells
  • mediate antiviral responses by inducing the production of type I and III interferons and proinflammatory cytokines
57
Q

Interferon

A
  • Molecule released by virus infected cells to warn nearby non-infected cells
  • Binds to non-infected cells to help them prepare for viral attack
58
Q

What cells do interferons activate?

A
  • Dendritic cells
59
Q

Complement system

A

System of blood plasma proteins that help immune cells fight pathogens more effectively

60
Q

Complement system’s functions include…

A
  • Destruction of invaders
  • Signaling of immune system
61
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

Proteins turn each other on through a cascade series of activation

62
Q

Effects of the complement system?

A
  • Improves the eating ability of phagocytosis cells, opsonization
  • Amplifying inflammatory responses
  • Lysing pathogen membranes
63
Q

Opsonization

A

Bind complement protein C3b to antigens, tags them for phagocytosis

64
Q

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

A
  • MAC proteins group on the pathogen membrane
  • Salt and fluids enter the pathogen
  • Pathogen swells then bursts
65
Q

Antigen

A
  • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.
  • “Antibody generating”
66
Q

Antibody

A

Protein produced by immune system to attach and fight off antigens

67
Q

Classical pathway

A

Antigen dependent

68
Q

Antibodies involved in classical pathway?

A

IgG or IgM

69
Q

Steps of classical pathway

A
  • Antigen comes into body, make antibodies IgG or IgM
  • Activates C1 complex - activated complement system here, classical pathway ends
  • Starts cascade, turns on proteins and cleaves them
  • C3 cleaves into C3b
70
Q

How is the lectin pathway activated?

A

After the recognition and binding of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

71
Q

What does the lectin pathway activate?

A

C4, C2, and C3

72
Q

What is different about the lectin pathway from the classical pathway?

A

Uses lectin instead antigen antibody complex

73
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Initiated by low-level activation of C3 via its hydrolysis (C3b)

74
Q

What is different about the alternative pathway from the classical pathway?

A

Goes straight to C3, skips antigen-antibody complex

75
Q

Put the following items in chronological order: Inflammatory chemicals, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, margination, diapedesis

A
  • Inflammatory chemicals
  • Margination: Clinging to capillary walls of injury
  • Diapedesis: Squeeze through the capillary walls
  • Chemotaxis: Going to the chemicals
  • Phagocytosis: Eat pathogens
76
Q

What physical/chemical barrier secretes lysosomes?

A

Mucous membranes

77
Q

Does an infection need to be present to cause inflammation?

A

No

78
Q

What happens when you take an antipyretic?

A

Downregulating inflammatory response

79
Q

Antipyretic

A

Anti-fever

80
Q

What substance do basophils secrete to prevent blood from clotting too quickly?

A

Heparin

81
Q

Margination

A

Clinging to capillary walls

82
Q

What is the function of MAMPs, DAMPs, and PAMPs?

A

Signals that are sent out so that we can recognize patterns in pattern recognition receptors

83
Q

Which complement protein binds to antigens?

A

Cb3

84
Q

Function of complements

A
  • Lysis
  • Opsonization
  • Activation of inflammatory response
  • Clearance of immune complexes

DHBS 365 (10 decks)

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