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Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Gram staining

A

Used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall components

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1
Q

Eubacteria

A
  • kill thousands each year
  • can serve as antibiotic producers and food digesters in stomach
  • reproduce asexually
  • 3 shapes
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2
Q

Archaebacteria

A
  • only live without oxygen
  • microscopic beings
  • reproduce sexually or asexually
  • 3 shapes
  • anceitn
  • can livein various conditions of temperatures, acidity levels, salinity, and air altitude
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3
Q

Gram positive

A

-bacteria remains purple in color

Traits: cytoplasm lipid membrane, thick peptidoglycan layer (plasmic polymer), various acids, teichoic acids

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4
Q

Negative bacteria

A

-turns red or pink in color
Traits: cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane (lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids), surface layer, porins (pores) in outer membrane

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5
Q

Spirilla

A
  • spiral shaped

- can be vibrio (short helix), spirillum (long helix), or spirochete (long, flexible helix)

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6
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped

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7
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shape

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8
Q

Flagella

A

Thin, whip-like structure that provides movement in order to pass through liquid environments

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9
Q

Bacterial gliding

A

Movement across surfaces; changes the buoyancy to produce vertical movement

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10
Q

Appendages (pili)

A

Can cover the surface of bacterium like tiny hairs, bind receptors for movement

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11
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Move in the direction of a chemical stimulant (nutrient)

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12
Q

Bacteria can move toward each other through…

A

Attraction, forming a biofilm

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13
Q

Bacteria can obtain energy from…

A
  • light (phototrophic)
  • mineral sources
  • absorbing hydrogen and electrons through organic matter
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14
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organisms that don’t undergo carbon fixation, obtaining energy from organic and inorganic energy sources

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15
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Organisms that use light for energy but can’t use CO2 as only carbon source

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16
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Organism that uses sunlight for energy to convert inorganic to organic materials to use for respiration

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17
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Organisms that obtain energy from chemical reactions and acquire organic compounds from CO2

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18
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Microscopic anaerobes that perish under normal atmospheric amounts of oxygen

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19
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

An organism that produces ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present of by fermentation

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20
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

An organism that requires oxygen to grow and uses cellular respiration

21
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophs

A
  • Use sun’s energy to make food for themselves

- can be found in streams, moist areas

23
Q

Heterotrophic

A
  • can make own food
  • live almost anywhere
  • use organic molecules as food
  • some are parasites
24
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs

A
  • don’t need sunlight
  • get energy by breaking down and releasing energy of inorganic compounds
  • convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen
25
Q

Recombination

A

rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms
recombination allows for new genetic types and variations

26
Q

Bacteral conjugation

A

the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial body to another bacterial cell- transferred through a structure called a pillus

27
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

direct uptake, incorporation, and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings
(processes where foreign DNA is introduced into the cell)

28
Q

Bacterial Transduction

A

uses bacteria viruses to transfer DNA from one cell to another (DOES NOT require direct contact)

29
Q

Viruses

A
  • non-living
  • no metabolism
  • made from nucleic acid and proteins
  • need living host to reproduce
30
Q

What is a virus

A
  • infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat
  • too small to be seen by light microscopy
  • able to multiply only within the living cells of the host
31
Q

common structures of viruses

A
  • inner nucleic acid core (genetic material)
  • some have DNA, some have RNA
  • contains outer protein cut called a capsid
  • outer envelope (membrane) that is derived from a cell membrane)
32
Q

bacteriophages

A
  • capable of infecting bacteria
  • E. Coli can be infected by these
    • viruses use ‘legs’ to attach to the surface of the cell and inject DNA
    • virus multiplies inside of E. Coli until it bursts
33
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • Cause upper respiratory tract infections
  • enter cell through phagocytosishttp://education-portal.com/cimages/multimages/16/phagocytosis-diagram.jpg
  • replicate in nucleus of cell rather than in cytoplasm
34
Q

retrovirus

A
  • genetic blueprint in RNA
  • cause certain cancers and slow virus infections (AIDS)
  • use reverse transcriptase: RNA-DNA-RNA-protein
    • lessens chance of mutation
    • genetic material incorporated into genome of infected cell
35
Q

Lytic Cycle

A
  • first of two cycles of viral reproduction
  • destroys infected cell’s membrane and the actual cell
  • phage attaches to cell, injects DNA
  • synthesis of mRNA begins in the cell
  • phage DNA begins to replicate, host DNA deteriorates
  • tail fibers and DNA filled heads form
  • early phage particles assembled
  • host bacteria releases 300 new phages
36
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
  • results: only a few virions being released

- advantages: virus can survive, replicated inside a host for many years

37
Q

benefits of bacteria

A
  • bacteria in intestines make acid environment prevent bad bacteria from growing
  • bacterial fermentation preserves food
  • bacteria decomposes and releases carbon and nitrogen
  • exposure to baceria strengthens immune system
  • helps break down fiber, asists in the digestive system
  • provides us w/ biotin and vitamin k from digestive tract
38
Q

disadvantages of bacteria

A
  • diseases and infections

- microorganisms- some give off toxins, reproduce & overwhelm immune system

39
Q

pathogen

A

biological agent that causes illness or disease in its host

40
Q

disinfectants

A
  • harm prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • used on abiotic structures
  • most aren’t used in bodies, some are used topically
41
Q

antibiotics

A
  • prokaryotic bacteria
  • bacteria mutates to resist
  • side effects
  • kill or stop growth of certain bacteria
42
Q

penicillin

A

interferes with peptidoglycan and causes cell to explode

43
Q

tetracycline

A

stops protein synthesis; attaches to ribosome and blocks key RNA interaction

44
Q

macrolide

A

blocks bacterial ribosomes from making more proteins

45
Q

what do we use antibiotics to treat

A
  • infections caused by bacteria
  • target microorganisms

ways they work:

  1. bactericidal- kills the bacteria
  2. bacteriostatik- stops bacteria from spreading
46
Q

beneficial viruses

A
  • viruses can fight for our bodies and protect from invading microbes
  • benign viruses can transport vaccines into bloodstream and cells
47
Q

harmful viruses

A
  • many serious virus diseases come from viral infections
  • some viruses can create non-infectious conditions in a body, including inflammation and cancer
  • viruses infect specific tissues and are able to create disturbances in an organ, which leads to diseases
48
Q

spread of viruses

A
  • viruses attach to surfaces or can spread through the air
  • invade through mouth, nose, cracks in skin
  • once inside, attach to host cell and spread their genetic material to create new viruses, which then break free of the cell and spread to other cells
  • leave the body and infect other people
49
Q

vaccines

A

-use to immunize populations

50
Q

inactivated vaccines

A
  • virus is mass-produced

- this ‘kills’ the virus and when it is put into the body it cannot fight back against the immune system

51
Q

attenuated vaccines

A
  • these vaccines are mutated to not be able to replicate well within human cells
  • cannot sustain themselves long enough to cause illness
52
Q

subunit vaccines

A
  • genetically made to create antigens in the virus

- mirror proteins in viruses without the ability to infect

Science (24 decks)

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