microbiology 2 Flashcards by nini .

– 18-22 nm in diameter
– consists of rRNA(ensures the codon sequence is accurately translated into protein)
– used for manufacturing of proteins

RIBOSOMES

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composed by two subunits

a. 60S – large subunit
b. 40S – small subunit

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clusters of ribosomes

polyribosomes/polysomes

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stack of flattened, membranous sacs

GOLGI APPARATUS/

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small vesicles that originates from golgi apparatus

LYSOSOMES

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“powerhouse of the cell”

MITOCHONDRIA

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contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials

PEROXISOMES

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“energy factories”

powerplants

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energy necessary for cell to function

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

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system of fiber serve to strengthen, support and stiffen the cell

CYTOSKELETON

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Three types of cytoskeleton

a. microtubules
b. microfilaments
c. intermediate filaments

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an external structure that provides shape and protection

CELL WALL

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Other parts of eukaryotic cell not present in all eukaryotes:

CELL WALL
PLASTIDS
FLAGELLA AND CILIA

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chitin, cellulose

fungi, algae

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membrane-bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigments which is the site of photosynthesis

PLASTIDS

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used for locomotion

FLAGELLA AND CILIA

– “ancient”
– have the same basic shape, size, and appearance of bacteria but have biochemical differences
- they tend to inhabit EXTREME environments of heat, cold, pH, or salt concentration
– lack of peptidoglycan

ARCHAEA

Examples of ARCHAEA:

Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles

produces methane gas

Methanogens

survives in high salt concentrations

Halophiles

thrives in extremely high temperatures

Thermophiles

– unicellular prokaryotes
– composed of peptidoglycans (carbohydrates and proteins)
– uses wide range of substances for nutrition

BACTERIA

PARTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

CELL MEMBRANE
CHROMOSOME
CYTOPLASM
CELL WALL
GLYCOCALYX
FLAGELLA
PILI

same function with eukaryotic cell. Holds the cell together and protects it from the outside world

CELL MEMBRANE

- single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule(serves as control) – carries genomic information from cell to cell - capable of replication

CHROMOSOME

semi-liquid which houses parts of the cell

CYTOPLASM

- used for protection and maintains shape – helps differentiate gram + and gram – bacteria – made up of peptidoglycan (murein)

CELL WALL

- outermost layer of three-layered cell envelope in bacteria – thick, slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall

GLYCOCALYX

two types of glycocalyx

slime layer capsule

not highly organized and not firmly attached to cell wall

slime layer

helps humans in identifying which bacteria an organism is because of staining

capsule

thread-like protein appendages that enables the organism to move

FLAGELLA

bacteria possessing flagella over their entire surface

Petritricous bacteria

bacteria with tuft of flagella at one end

Lophotrichous bacteria

having one or more flagella at each end

Amphitrichous bacteria

possessing single polar flagellum

Monotrichous bacteria

– hair-like structures thinner than flagella – enables bacteria to attach/ adhere to surfaces

PILI

facilitates transfer of genetic material

Sex pili

“short attachment pili”

FIMBRIAE