microbiology 2 Flashcards
– 18-22 nm in diameter
– consists of rRNA(ensures the codon sequence is accurately translated into protein)
– used for manufacturing of proteins
RIBOSOMES
composed by two subunits
a. 60S – large subunit
b. 40S – small subunit
clusters of ribosomes
polyribosomes/polysomes
stack of flattened, membranous sacs
GOLGI APPARATUS/
small vesicles that originates from golgi apparatus
LYSOSOMES
“powerhouse of the cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials
PEROXISOMES
“energy factories”
powerplants
energy necessary for cell to function
ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
system of fiber serve to strengthen, support and stiffen the cell
CYTOSKELETON
Three types of cytoskeleton
a. microtubules
b. microfilaments
c. intermediate filaments
an external structure that provides shape and protection
CELL WALL
Other parts of eukaryotic cell not present in all eukaryotes:
CELL WALL
PLASTIDS
FLAGELLA AND CILIA
chitin, cellulose
fungi, algae
membrane-bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigments which is the site of photosynthesis
PLASTIDS
used for locomotion
FLAGELLA AND CILIA
– “ancient”
– have the same basic shape, size, and appearance of bacteria but have biochemical differences
- they tend to inhabit EXTREME environments of heat, cold, pH, or salt concentration
– lack of peptidoglycan
ARCHAEA
Examples of ARCHAEA:
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles
produces methane gas
Methanogens
survives in high salt concentrations
Halophiles
thrives in extremely high temperatures
Thermophiles
– unicellular prokaryotes
– composed of peptidoglycans (carbohydrates and proteins)
– uses wide range of substances for nutrition
BACTERIA
PARTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
CELL MEMBRANE
CHROMOSOME
CYTOPLASM
CELL WALL
GLYCOCALYX
FLAGELLA
PILI
same function with eukaryotic cell. Holds the cell together and protects it from the outside world
CELL MEMBRANE
- single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule(serves as control)
– carries genomic information from cell to cell - capable of replication
CHROMOSOME
semi-liquid which houses parts of the cell
CYTOPLASM
- used for protection and maintains shape
– helps differentiate gram + and gram – bacteria
– made up of peptidoglycan (murein)
CELL WALL
- outermost layer of three-layered cell envelope in bacteria
– thick, slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside
the cell wall
GLYCOCALYX
two types of glycocalyx
slime layer
capsule
not highly organized and not firmly attached to cell wall
slime layer
helps humans in identifying which bacteria an organism is because of staining
capsule
thread-like protein appendages that enables the organism to move
FLAGELLA
bacteria possessing flagella over their entire surface
Petritricous bacteria
bacteria with tuft of flagella at one end
Lophotrichous bacteria
having one or more flagella at each end
Amphitrichous bacteria
possessing single polar flagellum
Monotrichous bacteria
– hair-like structures thinner than flagella
– enables bacteria to attach/ adhere to surfaces
PILI
facilitates transfer of genetic material
Sex pili
“short attachment pili”
FIMBRIAE
