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MRCS > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Staph. aureus?

A

Coagulase positive staphylococci

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2
Q

What is Staph. epidermidis?

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci

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3
Q

What is Staph. saprophyticus?

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci
Commensal

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4
Q

Which antibiotics are used against Staph. aureus?

A

Penicillin (90% hospital strains are resistant)
Flucloxacillin
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Fusidic acid
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin

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5
Q

What are the beta-haemolytic types for streptococci?

A

Lancefield groups A, B, C and G

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6
Q

What is Strep. pyogenes?

A

Lancefield group A

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7
Q

What is Enterococcus faecalis?

A

Lancefield group B

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8
Q

What is Strep. viridans?

A

Allpha haemolytic

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9
Q

What is Strep. pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive encapsulated diplococci

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10
Q

Which antibiotics are used against Strep. pyogenes?

A

Penicillin
Erythromycin (if pen-allergic, some strains resistant)
Clindamycin

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11
Q

Which antibiotics are used against enterococci?

A

Ampicillin
Resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins

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12
Q

Which antibiotics are used against streptococci??

A

Penicillin

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13
Q

What are some examples of gram positive rods?

A

Clostridium perifringens
C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. difficile

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14
Q

Are gram positive rods aerobes or anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes

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15
Q

What is Neisseria?

A

Gram negative cocci

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16
Q

What is E. Coli?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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17
Q

What is Klebisella?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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18
Q

What is Proteus?

A

Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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19
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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20
Q

Which salmonella can be split into types A, B and C?

A

Paratyphi

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21
Q

What is Shigella?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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22
Q

What are enterobacters?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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23
Q

What is Yersinia?

A

Faculative Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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24
Q

What do Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica cause?

A

Food poisoning
Mesenteric adenitis

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25
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Aerobic
Gram negative bacilli

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26
Q

What is Bacteroides?

A

Anaerobic
Gram negative bacilli

27
Q

What is Campylobacter?

A

Gram negative spiral rods

28
Q

What is H. influenzae?

A

Gram negative bacilli

29
Q

What is H. pylori?

A

Gram negative spiral

30
Q

What is Benpen used for?

A

Streptococci
Penumococci
Clostridia
N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitidis

31
Q

What are the main surgical indications for Benpen?

A

Prophylaxis of gas gangrene
Prophylaxis of tetanus
Streptococcal wound infections

32
Q

What s PenV (Phenoxymethylpenicillin) used for?

A

Prophylaxis following splenectomy
Prophylaxis in rheumatic heart disease
Follows IV benpen to complete course

33
Q

What is co-amox used for?

A

Coliforms
Staphylococci
Bacteroides
First line in bites

34
Q

What is tazocin used for?

A

Bacteroides
Coliforms
Klebsiella
P. aeruginosa

35
Q

What are first-generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefradine
Cefalexin

36
Q

What are first-gen cephs used for?

A

E. Coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Staph. auerus

37
Q

What are first-gen cephs not active against?

A

Enterococci
P. aeruginosa
Anaerobes

38
Q

What is a second-gen ceph?

A

Cefuroxime

39
Q

What are second-gen cephs used for?

A

Broad-spec cover against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
Used in colorectal and biliary surgery

40
Q

What are second-gen cephs not active against?

A

Pseudomonas
Anaerobes

41
Q

What are third-gen cephs?

A

Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime

42
Q

What are third-gen cephs used for?

A

Broad-spec cover
Pseudomonas
Reserved for severe sepsis
Meningitis

43
Q

What are precautions with regards to cephs?

A

Cross sensitivity in pen-allergic patients
Must reduce dose in renal failure
Mild rise in LFTs

44
Q

What are examples of sulfonamides and trimethoprim?

A

Co-trimox
Trimethoprim

45
Q

What is co-trimox used for?

A

Gram positive and Gram neg cover
Pneumocystis

46
Q

What is resistant to co-trimox?

A

Pseudomonas

47
Q

What are precautions with regards to co-trimox?

A

Leucopaenia
Thrombocytopaenia

48
Q

What are examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin

49
Q

What are macrolides active against?

A

Streptococci
Staphylococci
Clostridia
Campylobacter

50
Q

What are precautions with regards to macrolides?

A

Diarrhoea
If given IV, phelbitis at site
Potentiates warfarin and ciclosporin

51
Q

What are exampoles of aminoglycosides?

A

Gent
Amikacin

52
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for?

A

Severe gram-negative infections
Coliforms
Pseudomonas
Staphylococci

53
Q

What are resistant to aminoglycosides?

A

Steptococci
Anaerobes

54
Q

What are precautions with aminoglycosides?

A

Ototoxicity

55
Q

What is an example of a quinolone?

56
Q

What is cipro used for?

A

Gram-neg bacteria including pseudomonas and staphylococci
Used for UTI
Used for chest infection

57
Q

What is metronidazole used for?

A

Anaerobic cover e.g. Bacteroides and clostridia
Active against protozoa e.g. Entamoeba and Giardia
Used for intraperitoneal sepsis and gynae sepsis

58
Q

What is vanc active against?

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Clostridia
Severe sepsis and intraperitoneal administration in CAPD peritonitis

59
Q

What is teicoplanin used for?

A

Bactericidal glycopeptide active against both aerobic and anaerobic gram positive bacteria

Staph. auerus
Streptococci
Enterococci
Listeria monocytogenes
Micrococci
Gram-positive anaerobes including C. diff

60
Q

What are carbapenems used for?

A

Very broad spec
Gram negs, anaerobes, gram positives

61
Q

What are carbapenems not used for?

62
Q

What are clindamycin used for?

A

Gram positive bacteria
Anaerobes

Can use in nec fasc

63
Q

What is clindamyciun not used for?

A

Gram negative bacteria

MRCS (24 decks)

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