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Anterior Segment > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

gram (+) bacteria is what color & what does it indicate

A

purple, has thick cell walls

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2
Q

acid-fast stains are used for

A

mycobacteria (tuberculosis)

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3
Q

what are the 4 nonselective culture media

A

blood agar, chocolate agar, thioglycolate broth, sabouraud dextrose agar

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4
Q

which nonselective culture media grows most bacteria & fungi

A

blood agar

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5
Q

which nonselective culture media grows most bacteria, including haemophilus & neisseria

A

chocolate agar

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6
Q

which nonselective culture media is an enrichment broth for anaerobic bacteria

A

thioglycolate broth

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7
Q

which nonselective culture media is used for recovering fungi

A

sabouraud dextrose agar

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8
Q

MacConkey agar is selective for what bacteria

A

gram-negative bacteria

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9
Q

what amplifies single copies of viral DNA & is very useful for detecting retroviruses, herpesviruses, & papillomaviruses

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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10
Q

what is used to quantify the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample & is useful for quantifying the number of HIV genes in a patient’s blood

A

real-time PCR

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11
Q

what structure in bacteria is involved in antibiotic resistance

A

plasmids

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12
Q

how are symptoms from bacterial infections produced

A

by excessive innate, immune, & inflammatory responses triggered by the infection

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13
Q

are staphylococci & streptococci gram-positive or gram-negative

A

gram-positive (thick cell wells)

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14
Q

what are the most common gram-positive cocci

A

staph aureus, staph epidermis

strep pneumonia, strep pyogenes, strep viridians

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15
Q

actinomyces & nocardia are what kind of pathogens

A

gram-positive filaments

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16
Q

neisseria is what kind of pathogen

A

gram-negative cocci

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17
Q

which gram-negative bacilli causes purulent conjunctivitis & angular blepharitis

A

moraxella

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18
Q

what gram-negative bacilli is found in decaying plant material & stagnant fresh water

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

19
Q

hemophilus influenzae is gram ____ & can cause what that involves the eye

A

gram negative bacilli

causes orbital cellulitis

20
Q

what is an enterobacteria that can contaminate CL solutions

A

serratia marcescens

21
Q

what spirochete causes Lyme disease

A

borrelia burgdorferi

22
Q

what kind of pathogen is treponema pallidum, what is it sensitive to, & what does it cause

A

spirochete, sensitive to penicillin, causes syphilis

23
Q

what are the 3 tests used to diagnose syphilis

A

VDRL, RPR, FTA-Abs

24
Q

which syphilis diagnostic test is specific & will remain positive even after treatment

A

FTA-Abs

25
Q

what is the difference between VDRL & RPR

A

VDRL - detects non-treponemal antibodies

RPR - detects non-treponemal antibodies made against T. pallidum

26
Q

why do mycobacterium require acid-fast staining

A

they have a lipid-rich cell wall that’s resistant against disinfectants, sterilization, heat & chemicals

27
Q

is chlamydia a bacteria or a virus

A

bacteria that behaves like a virus

28
Q

chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A-C cause _____ & D-K cause ______

A

A-C: trachoma

D-K: inclusion conjunctivitis

29
Q

what causes symptoms in viral diseases

A

the immune reaction against the virus

30
Q

what are the 3 things viruses consist of

A

viral genome (DNA or RNA), capsid (protein shell), lipoproteins (envelopes surrounding capsid in SOME viruses)

31
Q

why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites

A

they depend on host cell’s biochemical machinery for replication

32
Q

naked capsid allows a virus to

A

spread easily, survive GI passage, & resist dryness & detergents

33
Q

enveloped capsid allows a virus to

A

spread through body fluids & organs

34
Q

which virion type is suceptible to antibiotics

A

naked capsid

35
Q

which virion type requires a more complex immune response

A

enveloped capsid

36
Q

which virion type requires cell lysis for replication

A

naked capsid

37
Q

which virion type causes more hypersensitivity reactions

A

enveloped capsid

38
Q

where do viruses replicate

A

host’s nucleus or cytoplasm

39
Q

describe the lytic life cycle

A

for naked capsid viruses → enters cell → transcribed → fills cell with capsid → cell bursts & releases the capsids

40
Q

describe the lysogenic life cycle

A

virus inserts itself into host’s genome → gradually produces & releases viruses over time

41
Q

which life cycle allows the host cell to survive longer & why

A

lysogenic → virus incorporates itself into the cell

the longer the host cell lives → the longer it can sustain infection

42
Q

what are some viruses that use the lysogenic life cycle

A

HIV, herpes viruses

43
Q

what bacterial element allows for transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another?

A

pili

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