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5245 Infectious Diseases > Microbial World > Flashcards

Microbial World Flashcards

1
Q

How are Fungi classified? What are their unique characterisitcs?

A

Eukaryotic.
Possess cell walls made of chitin.
Produce sexual spores.

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2
Q

what are the unicellular and multicellular Fungi?

A

Uni=Yeasts

Multi=Molds

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3
Q

How are Protozoa classified? What are their unique characteristics?

A

Single celled Eukaryotes.
Most reproduce asexually, some sexually.
Defined by means of locomotion with cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia.

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4
Q

How are Algae classified? What are the unique characteristics?

A

Uni or Multicellular Eukaryotes.

Non-pathogenic except for red tides and shellfish poisoning.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes?

A

Unicellular and lack nucllei.
Reproduce asexually.
Smaller and found everywhere there is sufficient moisture.
Some found in extreme environments.

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6
Q

What is the average wavelength of visible light?

A

550 nm

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7
Q

What is magnification>

A

Use of lenses to increase apparent size of object.

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8
Q

What is resolution?

A

closest you can get 2 objects and still see them as seperate.

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9
Q

What is the formula for resolving power?

A

0.61 y/NA (numerical Aperature)

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10
Q

What are Glycocalyces?

A

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of a cell. Usually composed of polysaccharides.

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11
Q

What are the two types of Glycocalyces?

A
  1. Capsule: Composed of organized repeating units, firmly attached to cell surface.
  2. Slime Layer: loosely atatched to cell surface, water soluble.
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of flagella? Made up of what?

A

Long, propeller-like structures responsible for movement. Rigid, protein helices that rotate. Made up of Flagellin protein.

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13
Q

What are the movements of Flagella?

A

Run: movements in single direction, directed by positive stimuli (right direction)
Tumble: Abrupt random changes in direction, directed by negative stimuli (wrong direction).

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14
Q

What are Fimbriae?

A

non-motile, sticky extensions used to adhere to things.

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15
Q

What are pili? What are they made of?

A

non-motile, long hollow tubules used to join two bacterial cells and transfer DNA. Made of Pilin.

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16
Q

Bacterial Cell walls are made up of what?

A

Peptidoglycan composed of sugars NAG and NAM, connected by tetrapeptide cross bridges.

17
Q

What are the characteristics of Gram-Positive bacterial cell walls?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Contains unique teichoic acids.
Retains crystal violet dye in gram staining.

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Gram-Negative bacterial cell walls?

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan.
Have outer bilayer membrane composed of phospholipids, porins and LPS (lipopolysaccharide).
Dont retain dye well and look pink.

19
Q

What is Lypopolysaccharide also known as? What is contained in it and what does it cause? Where is it found?

A

Found in gram-negative bacteria. Also know as an endotoxin. Lipid protion known as lipid A, which is released from dead cells and can trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, blood clotting.

20
Q

What are the characteristics of Acid fast cell walls?

A

Layers of wax-like lipid, up to 60% or wall made from mycolic acids. Also contains arabinogalactan.

21
Q

What is the periplasmic space? Found?

A

area between outer membrane and plasma membrane. Found in Gram negative bacteria.

22
Q

What produce endospores? What do they do?

A

Produced by Gram-positive rods. Vegatative cell turns into one endospore, which can germinate and form the cell.

23
Q

What is an endotoxin? Exotoxin?

A
  1. Endo=Heat stable lipopolysaccharides proteins that are structural components of gram-negative bacteria, released when cell wall breaks down.
  2. Exo=heat labile proteins secreted by certain bacteria.
24
Q

What is a bright-field microscope?

A

Uses series of lenses for magnification, as light rays pass through the specimen and through objective lens.Uses oil immersion.

25
Q

What is dark-field microscope?

A

Prevents light rays from reaching the specimen, only oblique rays illuminate. These light rays scattered by specimen enter objective lens.

26
Q

What is contrast microscope? What are the two types?

A

Light rays in phase produce brighter image, while light rays out of phase produce darker image.

  1. Phase-Contrast
  2. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC).
27
Q

What are fluorescent microscopes?

A

Direct UV light at specimen, Fluorochromes absorb the UV light and radiate energy back as longer visible wavelength.

28
Q

What is an electron microscope? What are the two types? Which produce the clearest images?

A

Use electrons to gain a greater resolving power.

  1. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
  2. Scanning Electron Microsope (SEM)

SEM produces the best images.

29
Q

What do Acidic and basic dyes stain?

A

Acidic=Alkaline (+) structures

Basic= acidic (-) structures.

5245 Infectious Diseases (14 decks)

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