Microbial Systems Pt. 1 Flashcards
This phylum includes methanogens, which produce methane as a metabolic waste product, and halobacteria, which live in extreme saline environment.
Euryarchaeota
Methane production causes flatulence in humans and other animals
Methanogens
Large blooms of this salt loving archaea appear reddish due to the presence of bacterirhodopsin in the membrane. Bacterirhodospin is related to retinal pigment rhodospin
Halobacteria
Members of the ubiquitous phylum play an important role in the fixation of carbon. Many members of this group are sulfur-dependent extremophiles. Some are thermophilic or hyperthermophilic
Crenarcheota
Members of this genus grow in volcanic springs at temperature between 75° and 8-°C at a pH between 2 and 3
Sulfulobus
This group currently contains only one species.
Nanoarcheota
This species was isolated from the bottom of the atlantic ocean and from a hydrothermal vent at yellowstone national park. It is an obligate symbiont with ignicoccus, another species of archaea
Nanoarchaeum equitans
Members of this phylum considered to be one of the most primitive forms of life, have only been found in the Obsidian Pool, a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park. No members of this species have been cultivated
Korarcheota
▪ represent the deepest, oldest branch of Bacteria
▪ the original bacterial ancestor was probably thermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic
Aquificae
▪ the second deepest branch of Bacteria
▪ Aquifex, are thermophiles with a
▪ growth optimum of 80°C and a maximum of 90°C.
Thermotogae
▪ most are mesophiles
▪ Thermus aquaticus 700C, hyperthermophiles
▪ Deinococci, in pairs or tetrads, resistant to
oxidative stress (desiccation and radiation)
Deinococcus (Deinococcales and Thermales)
▪ lack walls and do not synthesize peptidoglycan precursors (mycoplasmas)
▪ small genomes, and simplified metabolic pathways
Mollicutes
A type of bacteria that utilizes sunlight to produce food. They convert the energy they get from the sun into chemical energy and they are gram negative.
Photosynthetic bacteria
A phylum of gram negative bacteria. It has a cyan color due to the photopigments frequencies it can absorb from the sun. They are thought to be the first organisms to evolve and develop photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
▪ lack peptidoglycan, budding division
▪ anammoxosome = compartment
▪ anammox reaction (anaerobic ammonium oxidation)
▪ Brocadia, Kuenenia, Scalindua, and Anammoxoglobus
Planctomycetes
▪ gram (-) bacteria, coccoid, nonmotile
▪ lack peptidoglycan
▪ elementary body to reticulate body
▪ Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydiae
▪ Gram (-) bacteria
▪ slender, long, helical
▪ Treponema pallidum
▪ Leptospira interrogans
Spirochaetes
▪ obligately anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, non-spore formers, motile/ non-motile
▪ intestinal symbionts (ruminants)
▪ Gliding motility, Cytophaga, Sporocytophaga, and Flavobacterium
Bacteroidetes
consists mostly of phototrophic genera, symbionts of plants
▪ Plant - Rhizobium spp., Agrobacterium
▪ Unequal division - Caulobacter
▪ Pathogenic – Rikettsia spp. (obligate intracellular)
Alphaproteobacteria
consists of degrading bacteria
▪ Ammonia-oxidising genus Nitrosomonas
▪ Nitrogen fixation in various types of plants
▪ Phototrophs- Rhodocyclus and Rubrivivax
▪ Pathogenic - Burkholderia and Neisseriaceae
Betaproteobacteria
some important pathogens, largest bacterial class
▪ Enterobacteriaceae – Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella and Shigella
Gammaproteobacteria
consists mostly of aerobic genera
▪ predatory aerobes
▪ Myxobacteria (slime bacteria) which can form fruiting bodies
▪ anaerobes, chemoorganotrophes
▪ Sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria - Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfuromonas
Deltaroteobacteria
smallest of the proteobacterial classes
▪ curved to spiral microbes in intestines of animals
▪ Symbionts – Wolinella spp. (cows)
▪ Pathogens - Helicobacter spp. in the stomach, Campylobacter spp. in the duodenum
▪ microaerophilic, motile, helical or vibrioid, gram (-) rods
▪ Deep sea hydrothermal vents, chemolithoautotrophs
Epsilonproteobacteria
Anaerobic Endospore-Formers
▪ Gram (+) rods, anaerobes
▪ Food spoilage, botulism, tetanus and gas gangrene
Clostridia
Gram-Positive Bacteria with Outer Membranes
Negativicutes
Aerobic Endospore- Forming Bacteria
▪ Genus Baccilus
▪ rods
▪ catalase +,
▪ chemoorganotrophes
▪ usually with peritrichous flagella
Bacilli
▪ usually catalase positive and oxidase negative
▪ many virulence factors
Staphylococcaceae
o do not form endospores
o usually nonmotile
▪ Genus _________ - used in food and dairy industry (LAB)
o rod to coccobacilli
o Lactobacillus, Listeria (pathogenic)
Lactobacillales; Lactobacillus
Genus __________ – facultatively anaerobic and catalase negative
o cocci
o can lyse RBC
o Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus
Streptococcus
▪ aerobic bacteria
▪ filamentous cells called hyphae
▪ asexual spores
▪ Secondary metabolites: antibiotics
▪ Some pathogenic
▪ Can be isolated in soil, aquatic env.
Actinomycetes
▪ irregularly shaped, nonsporing, Gram-positive rods with aerobic, facultative, or microaerophilic metabolism
▪ Normal inhabitants of mucosal surfaces of humans
▪ A. bovis causes lumpy jaw in cattle
Actinomycetales
▪ Genus Micrococcus
- aerobic, catalase-positive cocci that occur mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters
▪ Genus Arthrobacter
- aerobic, catalase-positive rods with respiratory metabolism
- Resistant to desiccation and nutrient deprivation, even though they do not form spores.
Micrococcales
▪ Human pathogens
▪ Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, and Nocardia
▪ mycolic acids, virulence factor
Corynebacteriales
▪ Human pathogens
▪ Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, and Nocardia
▪ mycolic acids, virulence factor
Corynebacteriales
▪ strict aerobes, antibiotics
▪ true multicellularity among bacteria
▪ S. griseus, streptomycin, the first drug to cure TB
Streptomycetales
▪ genera Frankia and Geodermatophilus
▪ symbiotic association with non-leguminous plants
▪ fix nitrogen
Frankiales
