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Microbiology > Cell Structure and Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Functions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

thin barrier that surrounds the cell and separates the cytoplasm from the cell’s environment

A

The Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Functions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Permeability barrier, Anchor for many proteins, Energy conservation

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3
Q

Prevents leakage and functions as gateway for transport of nutrients

A

Permeability barrier

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4
Q

water transport system

A

Aquaporins

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5
Q

Site of proteins that participate in transport, biogenetics and chemotaxis

A

Protein Anchor

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6
Q

Site of generation and use of proton motive force (transport, motility, and biosynthesis of ATP)

A

Energy Conservation

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7
Q

Shape and rigidity of the cell

A

Cell Wall

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8
Q

C.W. much thicker and consists of primarily single type of molecule

A

Gram +

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9
Q

C.W. chemically complex and consists of at least two layers

A

Gram -

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10
Q
  • Polysaccharide: two sugar derivatives,
  • N-acetylglucosmaine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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11
Q

Break in B-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Lysozymes

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12
Q

Glycosidic link between NAM and NAG

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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13
Q

between the amino acids in NAM

A

Peptide bonds

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14
Q

True or False: Thermoplasma has a cell wall

A

False

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15
Q

T or F: Archaea contain tough cytoplasmic membrane because they live in osmotically protected habitats

A

True

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16
Q

T or F: Mycoplasma has sterols, which adds strength and rigidity

A

True

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17
Q

T or F: Gram- bacteria is 90% PDG while Gram+ bacteria is 10% PDG

A

False

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18
Q

T or F: Gram- bacteria has an outer membrane

A

True

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19
Q

T or F: E. coli is a gram+ bacteria

A

False

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20
Q

Keep proteins whose activities occur outside the cytoplasmic membrane from diffusing away from the cell

A

Outer Membrane

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21
Q
  • Space located betw. outer surface of cytoplasmic mem.
  • Gel like consistency
  • May contain hydrolytic enzyme, binding proteins, chemoreceptors
A

Periplasm

22
Q
  • Embedded in outer membrane
  • Functions as channels for entrance of solutes
A

Porins

23
Q
  • Composed of altering N-acetylglucosamine
  • Glycosidic bonds in B-1,3
  • Not all archaea, some has thick polysaccharide like Methanosarcina and Halococcus
A

Pseudomurin

24
Q
  • Most common CW of archaea
  • Paracrystaline surface layer, symmetrical patterns
  • Found in major lineages of Archaea, and some bacteria
  • Withstand osmotic bursting, Ex. Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
  • Function as selective sieve, allows of low-molecular weight solutes
  • Archaea naturally resistant to lysozymes
A

S-Layers

25
Q
  • Layer that is organized in a tight matrix that excludes small particles like Indian ink
  • Adheres firmly to CW, some linked to peptidoglycan
  • Virulent factor, difficult to phagocitize
A

Capsules

26
Q
  • Layer that is easily deformed and do not exclude particles and is more difficult to see
  • Are loosely attached and can be lost from the cell surface
A

Slime layer

27
Q
  • Enable cells to stick to surfaces, including animal tissues
  • Can form pellicles, thin sheet of cells on liquid surface
A

Fimbriae

28
Q
  • Similar to fimbriae but longer and only one or few pillion surface of a cell
  • Facilitate genetic exchange in conjugation
  • Adhesion to host tissue
A

Pili

29
Q
  • Assist in cell adhesion
  • Twitching motility (a gliding motility)
  • Genetic Transfer
A

Type IV Pili

30
Q

Granules or other inclusions functions as energy reserves, can be seen directly with a microscope

A

Cell Inclusions

31
Q
  • Carbon and energy storage polymer
  • Synthesized when there is excess of carbon
  • Many prokaryotes produce PHA
A

Poly-B-hydroxyalkanoate( PHA)

32
Q
  • Polymer of glucose
  • Storehouse of glucose and carbon energy
  • Produced when carbon is in excess
A

Glycogen

33
Q
  • Source of phosphate for nucleic and phospholipid biosynthesis, ATP
  • Phosphate, limiting nutrient in the env.
  • Reside in periplasm
  • H2S to SO4^2-
A

Polyphosphates

34
Q
  • can orient themselves using magnetic field
  • Found in several aquatic organism
  • Grow at low O2 concentration
  • Surrounded in thin membrane containing phospholipids,
    glycoproteins and proteins (not a bilipid layer)
  • Proteins play a role in precipitating Fe3+ to Fe3+O4
A

Magnetosomes

35
Q
  • Spindle-shaped structures of proteins
  • Hollow yet rigid, impermeable to liquid and solutes
  • Cluster of vesicles, gas vacuoles
  • GvpA, forms the vesicle shell, hydrophobic, rigid
  • GvpC, strengthen the shell by cross-linking GvpA
  • For buoyancy
  • Phototrophic organisms
A

Gas Vesicles

36
Q
  • Produce endospores in a process called sporulation
  • Differentiated cells, resistant to heat and chemicals, radiation
  • Vegetative to Endospore (dormant stage) to Vegetative
  • Bacillus and Clostridium specie
A

Endospores

37
Q

– activated endospores are conditioned to germinate when placed in presence of nutrients

A

Activation

38
Q

– rapid process, involves loss of microscopic refractibility, Ability to be stained & Loss resistance to heat

A

Germination

39
Q

– swelling due to water uptake, Synthesis of RNA, proteins and DNA

A

Outgrowth

40
Q
  • Bind tightly in DNA in the core and protect it from desiccation and dry heat
  • Also, as carbon and energy source for outgrowth
A

SASPs, small acid-soluble proteins

41
Q

a thin protein cover

A

Exosporium

42
Q

composed of layers of spore-specific proteins

A

Spore coat

43
Q

consists of loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan

A

Cortex

44
Q

contains core wall, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, other cellular essentials

A

Core

45
Q
  • Funct. by rotation to push or pull cell
  • Long, thin appendages
  • Flagella are not straight but helical
  • Composed of flagellin proteins
  • Powered by proton motive force
A

Bacterial Flagella

46
Q
  • Roughly half the diameter of bacterial flagella
  • Same rotation with bacterial flagella
  • Several flagellin protein are known for Archaea and no relationship with proteins in bacteria
  • swim at speeds 1/10 that of E. coli
  • Powered by ATP
A

Archaeal Flagella

47
Q
  • Bacteria that do not have flagella, glide
  • Slower and smoother form
  • Needs to be in contact with surface to glide
  • Found in filamentous or rod-shaped cells
A

Gliding Motility

48
Q

are genetic elements that cannot replicate independently of a living cell

A

Viruses

49
Q

T or F: Viruses are not cells and thus nonliving

A

True

50
Q

T or F: Viruses are:
- Obligate intracellular parasite
- Different form plasmid because viruses have intracellular form
- They are important in microbial genetics and genetic engineering

A

True

Microbiology (10 decks)

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